Directed trajectories through communication decision tree using iterative artificial intelligence

ABSTRACT

Embodiments relate to configuring artificial-intelligence (AI) decision nodes throughout a communication decision tree. The decision nodes can support successive iteration of AI models to dynamically define iteration data that corresponds to a trajectory through the tree.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.16/007,677, filed on Jun. 13, 2018, which claims the benefit of and thepriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/566,026, filed on Sep.29, 2017. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Technological advancements have improved the accessibility andcomplexity of multiple types of communication channels. Further,data-storage and network advancements have increased capacities, suchthat an increasing amount (and variety) of data can be stored at a datasource for potential transmission. Therefore, a data source can bepositioned to deliver many types of data across any of multiple datachannels at many potential times. The array of content-delivery optionsexplodes when considering multiple, related content deliveries insteadof a single distribution. Frequently, a content provider configures oneor more static rules to indiscriminately provide the same contentthrough a same communication channel to each data ingester. While thecommunication specification(s) may differ across receipt of differentdata requests, the rule(s) can be configured to indiscriminately andconsistently respond to data requests. Though this approach providesconfiguration simplicity and deterministic operation, it fails to reactto the potential variability across a population of data ingesters andthus may sub-optimally handle requests.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method is provided. A datastructure is accessed that represents a communication decision treeconfigured to dynamically define individual trajectories through thecommunication decision tree using a machine-learning technique toindicate a series of communication specifications. The communicationdecision tree includes a set of branching nodes. Each branching node ofthe set of branching nodes corresponds to an action point configured toidentify a direction for a given trajectory. At a first time, it isdetected that a trajectory through the communication decision tree hasreached a first branching node of the set of branching nodes. Thetrajectory is associated with a particular user. In response to thedetecting that the trajectory has reached the first branching node,first learned data generated by processing first user data using amachine-learning technique is retrieved. The first user data includesuser attributes for a set of other users. Further in response to thedetecting that the trajectory has reached the first branching node, oneor more particular user attributes associated with the particular userare retrieved, one or more first communication specifications areidentified based on the first learned data and the one or moreparticular user attributes, and first content is caused to betransmitted to a user device associated with the particular user inaccordance with the one or more first communication specifications. At asecond time that is after the first time, it is detected that thetrajectory through the communication decision tree has reached a secondbranching node of the set of branching nodes. In response to thedetecting that the trajectory has reached the second branching node,second learned data generated by processing second user data using themachine-learning technique is retrieved. The second user data includesat least some user attributes not included in the first user data.Further in response to the detecting that the trajectory has reached thesecond branching node, one or more second communication specificationsare identified based on the second learned data and at least some of theone or more particular user attributes, and second content is caused tobe transmitted to the user device in accordance with the one or moresecond communication specifications.

In some embodiments, a computer-program product is provided that istangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium.The computer-program product can include instructions configured tocause one or more data processors to perform operations of part or allof one or more methods disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, a system is provided that includes one or more dataprocessors and a non-transitory computer readable storage mediumcontaining instructions which, when executed on the one or more dataprocessors, cause the one or more data processors to perform operationsof part or all of one or more methods disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described indetail below with reference to the following drawing figures:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an interaction system.

FIG. 2 shows a template to be used for generating an emailcommunication.

FIG. 3 shows a template to be used for generating an app notificationcommunication.

FIG. 4 shows a representation of a communication decision tree.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a trajectory corresponding to a userdevice and extending through a communication decision tree.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary interface to define a communication decisiontree.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary parameter-defining interface for a switchicon.

FIG. 8 shows another exemplary parameter-defining interface thatincludes options to effect a bias towards or against representingvarious content in communications.

FIG. 9 shows another exemplary parameter-defining interface thatincludes options to effect a bias towards or against using variouscommunication channels to transmit communications.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart for a process for using machine learning todirect trajectories through a communication decision tree according tosome embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart for a process for defining amachine-learning-based communication decision tree using an interfacesupporting positionable visual elements.

FIG. 12 shows an exemplary progressive-filtering decision tree accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary representation of data processing occurringduring implementation of a progressive-filtering decision tree accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a process for advancing trajectoriesthrough decision trees using machine-learning model iterations accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, systems and methods are provided that repeatedlyuse machine-learning data to facilitate iteratively identifyingcommunication specifications. More specifically, a communicationdecision tree is generated that includes a set of nodes. Each node cancorrespond to (for example) a detected event or a branching node thatcorresponds to a communication-specification decision and that isconnected to multiple next nodes representing a communicationcorresponding to one or more particular communications specifications.Each individual trajectory through the communication decision tree cancorrespond to an individual user and/or one or more particular userdevices. Each individual trajectory can extend across a particularsubset of the set of nodes, where nodes in the subset are representativeof specific actions initiated by the user and/or initiated at aparticular user device of the one or more particular devices, specificcharacteristics of a communication transmitted to the a particular userdevice of the one or more particular devices; and/or a decision to bemade as to a specification of an upcoming communication. For example, aspecification of an upcoming communication can indicate when it is to betransmitted, to which device it is to be transmitted, over which type ofcommunication channel it is to be transmitted, and/or what type ofcontent it is to include. In some instances, natural language processingcan be used to assign one or more categories to each of one or morecontent objects transmitted in a training set and/or to each of one ormore content objects available for transmission. A communicationspecification may then identify a particular category of content to betransmitted.

Each communication-specification decision can be made based on currentdata corresponding to the user and/or particular user devices, amachine-learning model and one or more learned parameters for themachine-learning model. The parameter(s) can be learned based on userdata associated with a set of other users and that indicates, for eachof the set of other users, one or more attributes of the other userand/or a set of events (e.g., user-initiated actions or characteristicsof communications transmitted to the user). The parameter(s) can furtherbe learned based on a trajectory target (e.g., identified by a client)that corresponds to a particular node within the communication decisiontree and/or a particular action initiated by the user.

A communication decision tree can be configured to include multiplebranching nodes, such that multiple communication-specificationsdecisions may be made for a single trajectory. In some instances, eachdecision is made using a same type of machine-learning algorithm (e.g.,a supervised regression algorithm). However, the algorithm may bedifferentially configured at each of the branching nodes, such that thebranching nodes differ with respect to (for example) the types of inputprocessed for each trajectory and/or the learned parameters to be usedto process input corresponding to a trajectory. In various instances,the algorithms for different branching nodes may be trained to optimizea same or different variable (e.g., based on an identification of a sametarget node or different target nodes). Not only may the branching nodesvary with regard to the types of input that the algorithm is configuredto process, but additionally the types of profile data available topotentially be processed for a given user can vary (e.g., profile datamay accumulate over time due to interaction monitoring). Further, thelearned data associated with any given node can change in time (due tocontinuous and/or repeated learning).

As one example, a trajectory for a user can be initialized upondetecting that profile data corresponding to the user includesinformation for at least a predefined set of fields. The profile datacan be collected using one or more web servers over one or more sessionsassociated with the user and/or retrieved from a remote data source. Insome instances, a user device automatically detects at least some of theprofile data and communicates it to the web server(s) (e.g., viaautomatically populated header information in a communication thatidentifies, for example, a unique device identifier, MAC address,browser type, browser version, operating system type, operating systemversion, device type, language to which the device is set, etc.). Insome instances, a communication includes data that represents user input(e.g., text entered into a web form, link selections, page navigation,etc.), which can then be logged as profile data.

Initializing the trajectory can include identifying a first node withinthe communication decision tree, which can include a first branchingnode. The first decision node can correspond to a decision as toidentify which of multiple content objects (e.g., identifying variousgroups of items and/or information associated with a web site) totransmit within an email communication to a device of the user. Thefirst decision node can also correspond to a decision as to when—withina two-day period—to send the email. The decisions can be made based onfirst learned data that indicates—for particular types of users—whattypes of objects and/or communication times are most likely to lead to atarget outcome. For example, the target outcome can include anoccurrence where the user activating a link within the email to access apage on the web site and/or the user interacting with the web site in amanner that corresponds to a conversion (e.g., a purchase of an itemrepresented on the web site), and the first learned data can indicatethat predictive factors as to which of three content objects will bemore effective at resulting in the target outcome include whether a usermost frequently uses a mobile device (versus a laptop or computer), theuser's age, and previous email-interaction indications as to for whichtypes of content objects the user clicked on a link.

Once the email is sent, the trajectory can extend to a node representingthe transmitted content until a next event is detected. The next eventcan include (for example) activation of a link within the web site,thereby indicating that the user is engaged in a current session withthe web site. Upon detecting this event, the trajectory can extend to asecond decision node to determine how to configure a requested web pageon the web site (e.g., in terms of whether to include dynamic contentobjects and/or how to arrange various content objects). In this example,second learned data indicates—for particular types of users—whatconfigurations are most likely to lead to a same target outcome. Forexample, the second learned data can indicate that predictive factors asto which of four configurations will be more effective at resulting inthe target outcome include whether a user most frequently uses a mobiledevice (versus a laptop or computer), a browser type, a current locationof a user device, and a current time of day at the user's location. Oncethe webpage (configured in accordance with the decision made at thesecond decision node) is sent, the trajectory can extend to a noderepresenting the configuration of the transmitted webpage. Thetrajectory can continue to extend upon detecting various user-initiated,system-initiated or external events (e.g., a passing of a predefinedtime interval since a previous event).

In this example, the target outcome remains the same across multipledecisions. However, rather than identifying a static workflow of actionsto perform—or even rather than determining a user-specific completesequence of actions to perform—techniques disclosed herein basedecisions pertaining to individual actions on current profile data,current learned data and current event detections. Machine learning isexecuted iteratively throughout a life cycle of a particular trajectoryto identify piecemeal actions to be performed. This approach canfacilitate high utilization of data (e.g., as expansions and/orevolutions of learned data and/or profile data can be utilized inmid-process decisions), which can promote achieving the targetobjective. Further, the approach enables a change (e.g., initiated by aclient) to a definition and/or constraint of a machine-learningtechnique to take a quick effect (e.g., as the change can stillinfluence trajectories having already been initiated). For example, aclient may change a target objective from conversion to retaining a userdevice on a web site for at least a threshold session duration. Modifiedparameters for machine-learning models associated with various branchingnodes can be determined and immediately effected, so as to affectpreviously initiated trajectories that subsequent reach the node(s).

Communication decisions (and/or partial directing through acommunication decision tree) can be based on anonymized or partiallyanonymized data, either or both of which can be built from anonymized,partially anonymized or non-anonymized data provided by one or moreproviders or clients. For example, a remote user-data management systemcan receive partially anonymized or non-anonymized data from one or moredata providers and can obscure or eliminate fields in individual recordsaccording to data-privacy rules and/or can aggregate field values acrossa user sub-population to comply with data-privacy rules. As describedherein, anonymized or partially anonymized data is data that has beenstripped of PII and/or aggregated such that individual data valuescannot be, beyond a certain probability, associated with particularpeople or users. Thus, the anonymized or partially anonymized data canlack or obscure sufficient data values to prevent identifying aparticular person as being a particular user or to prevent identifying aparticular person as having at least a threshold probability as being auser. For example, the anonymized or partially anonymized data may lacka name, email address, IP address, physical address and/or phone numberfrom profile data. The anonymized or partially anonymized data mayinclude or exclude certain demographic data, such as an age, city,occupation, etc. In some instances, anonymized or partially anonymizeddata is useful to collect so as to comply with privacy rules,regulations and laws, while also being able to process some of the data.The anonymized or partially anonymized data can include informationgathered from devices based on IP address range, zip code, date,categories of prior online inquiry, race, gender, age, purchase history,and/or browsing history, etc., which may have been gathered according toa variety of privacy policies and laws that restrict the flow ofpersonally identifiable information (PII), etc.

In some instances, the anonymized or partially anonymized data is usedto generate and/or update learned data (e.g., one or more parameters)associated with individual machine-learning configurations. This type oftraining need not (for example) require or benefit from data fields suchas contact information, so data records can be stripped of these fields.As another example, one or more sub-populations can be generated basedon values for a particular field, and specific values for that field maythereafter be replaced with an identifier of a sub-population.

In some instances, profile data corresponding to a particular user forwhich decisions are being made include the anonymized or partiallyanonymized data. For example, a system can detect that a trajectory hasreached a branching node and request data from a user-data managementsystem (e.g., using a device identifier or other identifier associatedwith the trajectory). The system can return profile data that includes(for example) one or more specific non-anonymized field values, one ormore field values that have been generalized (e.g., assigned to acategory), and/or eliminated field values. The non-anonymized field datamay be included in profile data when (for example) such field valueswere supplied by (e.g., upon having been collected using data-collectingfeatures built into a webpage and/or via a transmission from the client)or otherwise accessible to (e.g., via a data-sharing agreement) a clientfor which a decision is being made. The system may also returnpopulation data (e.g., that can itself be learned and/or can evolve overtime) that indicates relationships between field values, which may beused to estimate values or categories for missing field values.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an interaction system 100. A machinelearning data platform 105 can include one or more cloud servers and canbe configured to receive user data from one or more client systems 105.The user data can include anonymized or partially anonymized user data(stored in an anonymized user data store 115) and/or secureclient-availed user data (stored in a secure client-availed user datastore 120), which may be less anonymized than anonymized user data ornot anonymized. When secure client-availed user data is received, it maybe securely stored in association with an identifier of a client, suchthat other clients cannot gain access to the data. The data may bestored in a multi-tenant cloud storage system such that multiple clientscan log in to a central location to access a server or collection ofservers, but where the specific access to data is controlled dependingon which client has authenticated to the cloud storage system.Anonymized or partially anonymized user data may, or may not, beparticularly configured for various clients (e.g., depending on whichdata the client supplied and/or data-sharing agreements associated withthe client). Thus, a profile data populator 122 at machine learning dataplatform 105 can generate profile data corresponding to one or moreindividual users for particular clients and can customize which fieldvalues are included in the profile data for individual clients.

In some instances, profile data populator 122 enhances a profile dataset to supplement client-availed user data with partially anonymizeduser data, which can (as aggregated) define client-specific learned data(stored in a client-specific learned data store 130) for a given user.For example, data from a profile in the client-availed data can bemapped to one or more data sets in the anonymized or partiallyanonymized user data, such that richer data sets can be used in themachine-learning analyses. The mapping may occur using overlapping data(e.g., an IP address, if included in the anonymized or partiallyanonymized user data, a purchase time, a pseudo-random user identifierassigned by a client, etc.).

A machine learning model confugerer 123 can configure a given machinelearning model based on (for example) an identified target outcome,available training data, one or more client-identified constraintsand/or potential actions as indicated by a communication decision treeand/or by a client. Configuring the machine learning model can includedefining one or more parameters for a particular instance of the model(e.g., the instance being associated with a particular branching node,client and/or time period).

Each parameter can be indicative of a relationships and/or correlationbetween user attributes (stored in a learned parameter data store 125).The parameter(s) can include a weight that indicates how and/or anextent to which a first user attribute is predictive of a second userattribute that corresponds to an indication as to whether and/or anextent to which a target outcome occurred. The weight may be definedalong a discrete or continuous value range and/or can be binary.

As one example, the parameter(s) can indicate which attributes fromamongst a set of attributes are predictive of future occurrence of aparticular type of conversion event. For example, it may be determinedthat having visited a webpage associated with a “travel” tag more thantwice in the last month was a predictor of buying a piece of luggage. Asanother example, it may be determined that having visited a movie-reviewwebpage within a given day was a predictor for later purchasing anonline rental of a movie. Indirect associations and trends may also belearned, such as identifying there is an inverse correlation between anage of the user and an average time spent online each day. Eachparameter may be associated with a strength and/or confidence of arelationship, optionally with serial associations between the datapoints gathered and the conclusions being made, where each associationin serial carries a certain probability that the data at the start ofthe association is accurate for what it says and a certain otherprobability that the association itself is accurate.

The configuring may, but need not, be performed using client-availedprofile data and/or to produce client-specific parameters. Theclient-specific parameter(s) may be, for example, a modified version ofthe parameter(s) generated using the anonymized or partially anonymizedprofile data.

Various machine-learning techniques may be used to generate learneddata. For example, a machine-learning technique may use decision-treelearning, association-rule learning, an artificial neural network, deeplearning, inductive logic programming, a support vector machine,clustering, a Bayesian network, reinforcement learning, representationlearning, similarity and metric learning, sparse dictionary learning, agenetic algorithm, or rule-based machine learning. In some instances, amachine-learning technique includes an ensemble technique, which learnsinter-ensemble weights to apply to results produced from variousunderlying techniques (such as two or more of those previouslymentioned). The inter-ensemble weights may be identified based on (forexample) accuracy, speed and/or resource usage associated with theunderlying techniques.

Training a machine-learning technique (to identify one or moreparameters) can include identifying how a set of observed inputs (e.g.,content of a marketing email, content of a promotion, and/or theconfiguration of a web site) relates to a set of corresponding outputs(e.g., an outcome, such as the presence or absence of certain conversionevent, for a corresponding marketing email, a corresponding promotion,and/or a corresponding web site configuration). These observedobservations can be used to identify modeled relationships and/ortrends, with a goal of predicting candidate factual information (e.g., apredicted next input to be received or a predicted output based oncertain inputs) that has not yet occurred based on factual informationleading up to the candidate factual information. Each prediction cancarry a confidence or probability, and chains of predictions have acombined confidence or probability.

Thus, machine learning model configurator 123 can identify modelparameters for particular client systems 110 based on (for example)target outcomes, client-specific profile data and/or machine-learningtechniques. Client-specific learned data can be selectively shared witha client system having provided the underlying client-availed profiledata. Client system 110 can include a system that hosts one or more websites, hosts one or more apps and/or causes emails to be transmitted.For example, client system 110 can include a web server 135 thatreceives and responds to HTTP requests for pages on one or more domainsand an email server 140 that delivers emails to users' email addresses.Client system 110 may further or alternatively include an app server 145to receive and respond to requests received via an application executingon a user device. Thus, one or more servers at client system 110 can beconfigured to detect requests from one or more user devices 150-1, 150-2and/or trigger transmission of content to one or more user devices150-1, 150-2. User devices 150-1, 150-2 may include, for example, acomputer, smart phone, tablet, etc. It will be appreciated that, invarious circumstances, a single user device may be associated with asingle user or more than one users. Further, a single user may beassociated with a single user device or more than one user devices.

Web server 135 and/or app server 145 may store indications of requestsfor content (e.g., a webpage or app page) from a content library 153 asuser data in a client-managed user data store 150. The stored data mayinclude automatically detected information (e.g., a request time) alongwith information included in the request (e.g., a device identifier, IPaddress, requested webpage, user-entered input, etc.). Storing the datamay include updating a profile to include the data. Web server 135,email server 140 and/or app server 145 may further store data inclient-managed user data store 150 that indicates which content wasdistributed to particular user devices (e.g., by identifying atransmission time, user-device identifier, content-object identifier(s),and/or type of communication).

Client system 110 can transmit at least part of the user data fromclient-managed user data store 150 to machine learning data platform105, which can store it in secure client-availed user data store 120.The transmission(s) may occur periodically, during a request forclient-specific learned data, at regular time intervals, etc. In someinstances, client system 110 at least partly anonymizes some or all ofthe user data (e.g., by omitting or obscuring values for at least somefields) before transmitting it to machine learning data platform (e.g.,such that it is stored as anonymized or partially anonymized user dataat the platform). In some instances, the data is not at least partlyanonymized, such that the data is either stored in secure client-availeduser data store 120 or is at least partially anonymized at machinelearning data platform 105. For some datasets, the anonymized orpartially anonymized data is received from a third party, after beingstripped of PII, and stored by client system 110 without ever havingaccess to the non-anonymized data. In some embodiments, the anonymizedor partially anonymized data is natively anonymized or partiallyanonymized. In these embodiments, websites may run embed scripts ontheir web sites that, when executed, gather anonymized or partiallyanonymized data about accesses of the web sites by users. The scriptsmay gather only information that may be gleaned without knowing a user'spersonal information and stored in a data cloud that ensures that useridentity can never be deduced beyond a certain probability.

Client system 110 can store machine-learning data in a machine learningdata store 155. In some instances, the machine learning data includes anindication of one or more decisions made at a branching node for a giventrajectory, one or more content specifications identified using acommunication decision tree and/or one or more parameters. Themachine-learning data can be requested from, received from and/orderived from data from machine learning platform 105. For example, insome instances, machine learning model configurator 123 causesparameters generated for and/or applicable to a client to be transmittedto client system 110. As another example, a machine learning modelimplementor 157 can apply machine learning model configured withparticular parameters to particular profile data to identify one or moreparticular communications specifications to define a communicationsaction to be taken for a client (and/or a next node of a trajectory)that corresponds to the profile data. Machine learning model implementor157 can then cause an indication of the identified communications actionand/or the next node to be transmitted in association with an identifierof a trajectory, user and/or user device.

Identifying a next node and/or communications specification(s) caninclude running a machine learning model (associated with a currentbranching node) using particular profile data and one or more learnedparameters. A result can indicate (for example) which of variouscontent-presentation characteristics is associated with a high (e.g.,above-threshold) or highest probability of leading to a particulartarget outcome (e.g., target conversion). In some instances, theanalysis includes identifying one or more content-presentationcharacteristics associated with a highest probability of leading to aparticular conversion target outcome. In some instances, the analysisbalances the probabilities of leading to a particular conversion resultswith a predefined cost metric associated with variouscontent-presentation characteristics.

In some instances, running the machine learning model using theparameters (e.g., at machine learning data platform 105 or client system110) can include (for example) performing a regression analysis usingthe profile data and parameters to generate a number that can becompared to one or more thresholds. The one or more thresholds candefine two or more ranges (e.g., open-ended or closed ranges), with eachrange corresponding to a particular next node and/or communicationsaction. In some instances, running the machine learning model using theparameters can include processing at least part of the profile data andat least part of the parameters to produce a result that can be comparedto (e.g., via calculation of a difference, calculation of a cost using acost function, etc.) each of a set of reference data variables (e.g.,single values, a vector, a matrix; a time series, etc.)—each beingassociated with a particular next node and/or communications action andeach potentially defined at least in part based on a parameter. A nodeor communication associated with a reference data variable for which thecomparison indicated a closest correspondence can be selected.

A dynamic content generator 147 can trigger a presentation of a contentobject in accordance with the selected communication specification(s).To generate an appropriate instruction, dynamic content generator 147may first identify what communication channel is to be used to transmitthe object, the type of object that is to be transmitted, a version ofcontent that is to be transmitted and/or when the content object is tobe transmitted. The identification can be determined based on (forexample) a result of an implementation of a machine learning model, aconfiguration of a machine learning model (e.g., which may restrainpotential options with respect to one or more of these options), and/orone or more parameters.

Dynamic content generator 147 can identify a type of communication(e.g., email, SMS message, pop-up browser window or pushed app alert) tobe transmitted, which can inform (for example) which of web server 135,email server 140 and/or app server 145 is to transmit the communication.The identification can be made explicitly (e.g., based on amachine-learning result, parameter, and/or machine-learning-modelconfiguration) or implicitly (e.g., due to a selected content objectbeing of a particular type).

Identifying the content object can include selecting from amongst a setof existing content objects or generating a new content object. Thecontent object can include (for example) a webpage, an object within awebpage, an image, a text message, an email, an object within an emailand/or text. In some instances, a result of executing a configuredmachine-learning model on profile data identifies a particular contentobject. In some instances, a result identifies a characteristic ofcontent (e.g., having a particular metadata category) and/or identifiesa particular technique for selecting content. For example, a result mayindicate that a “tools” item is to be featured in a content objectand/or that a communication is to include four content objects thatcorrespond to four different (though unspecified) categories. In suchinstances, dynamic content generator 147 can (for example) select fromamongst a set of potential content objects using a selection techniquethat is (for example) indicated via a result of the machine-learningimplement, via a parameter, and/or via a predefined setting. Forexample, a selection technique may indicate that a selection techniqueis to include a pseudo-random selection technique, a technique toidentify a most recently added object, a technique to identify ahighest-conversion object within a set of potential content objects(e.g., having one or more attributes as indicated in a machine-learningresult).

In some instances, a time at which a communication is to be transmittedis explicitly identified (e.g., based on a machine-learning result,parameter, and/or machine-learning-model configuration). For example, atime range can be defined as beginning with a current time and endingwith a client-identified maximum time. The model may evaluate a set ofregularly spaced potential transmission times within the time range. (Insome instances, each potential transmission time is considered multipletimes in combination with other potential specifications, such ascontent categories or communication channels.) A machine-learning modelresult can identify a transmission time associated with a highestprobability of resulting in a target outcome. (Notably, if combinationsof specifications are considered, the transmission time may include thetime in a combination associated with the highest probability. In someinstances, a communication is transmitted immediately, upon receiving anext request for content (e.g., corresponding to a given web site orapp) from a user device associated with a machine-learning result, or inaccordance with a predefined transmission schedule.

In some instances, each specification corresponding to a communicationis identified (e.g., during a task and/or using a machine-learningmodel, a machine-learning configuration, a parameter, a client rule,etc.) at or before the communication is transmitted. Thus, all or someclient-controlled configuration of the communication and/or itstransmission can be performed prior to transmission of thecommunication. In some instances, at least one specificationcorresponding to a communication is identified (e.g., during a taskand/or using a machine-learning model, a machine-learning configuration,a parameter, a client rule, etc.) after the communication istransmitted. Thus, at least some client-controlled configuration of thecommunication and/or its transmission can be performed aftertransmission of the communication. This post-transmission configurationcan thus be based upon learned data and/or profile data that was notavailable prior to the transmission of the communication. For example,additional profile data corresponding to a user may become availablebetween a first time at which an email was transmitted and a second timeat which the email is opened and rendered. The transmitted email caninclude a script that executes when the email is to be rendered. Thescript can cause a request to be issued to identify device properties,such as a layout and/or application type. The script can pass theseproperties along with a request for content to be presented to a server.Thus, the server can select content and/or identify one or more displayconfigurations based on specific rendering information, current profiledata and/or current parameters to direct a selection of specificcontent.

As an additional or alternative example, the communication may containone or more references or links to pages that, when opened (e.g., in aweb browser), render content for display. The pages targeted by thelinks may include some content that was determined, by the machinelearning engine, before or at the time the communication was generated.The pages can further be configured to include content that is to beselected or generated when a request for rendering the pages is detected(e.g., when a script detects activation of a link) and/or when the pagesare being generated or rendered (e.g., as indicated by executing ascript as part of loading the page). In some instances, a script in theemail identifies the content configuration at the time of rendering orat the time that rendering is requested. In some instances, a scriptexecuting on the linked page identifies the content configuration.

As one example, a client system may offer online purchases of fooddelivery. It may be detected that a particular user had looked at a menufor a given restaurant at 2 pm. The client system may retrieve a set ofuser attributes from a profile data for the user from its client-manageduser data. Client-specific learned data may indicate that there is a 76%chance that the user will make a purchase from the restaurant if anemail including a discount code is sent in the evening to the user(e.g., as compared to a lower probability associated with other types ofcommunication and other times). In response to determining that the 76%chance is above a 65% threshold for sending a discount threshold, emailserver 140 transmits an email to the user device. The email includes ascript that, when executed, identifies the restaurant and discount to bepresented. The user opens the email the next day at 10 am. The code isexecuted to request the restaurant and discount from the client system.The client system has since received updated public learned correlationdata. The client system inputs the time, the user's location (as she isnow at work) and prior purchase information to a decision tree builtbased on the learned data. It is determined that the discount is to be10% (e.g., to maintain a threshold likelihood of conversion) and therestaurant is to be a deli near the user's work (e.g., to maximize alikelihood of conversion), whereas—had the user opened the email thenight before, different user attributes and learned data would haveresulted in a 15% discount (e.g., to maintain the threshold likelihood)from an Indian restaurant near the user's home (e.g., to maximize thelikelihood). The email includes a link to order from the deli. When theuser clicks on the link, the web server determines what content is to bepresented—specifically, which food items are to be recommended. Therecommendations are based on even more recently updated public learnedcorrelation data, which indicate that salads and sandwiches should berecommended over soup and entrees, as the former options have beenrecently popular (predicted to be popular due to the warmer weather).Thus, this example illustrates how content presentations can bedynamically customized for a given user based on very recent learneddata and user attributes.

Machine learning data platform 105 can generate updated client databased on (for example) any communications received from a user device(e.g., responsive to a workflow action). For example, the updated clientdata can include one or more new fields generated based on data in aheader or payload of a received communication, an indication as towhether (e.g., and when) a particular event was detected, and/or acurrent or final stage of the workflow to which the profile is assigned.Machine learning data platform 105 can avail the updated client data(e.g., along with corresponding profile identifiers) to client system110, which can store the updated data in client-specific learned datastore 165. Client system 110 may, but need not, separately store theupdated data from underlying profile(s).

It will be appreciated that, in some instances, some or all of machinelearning data platform can be incorporated within client system 110. Insome instances, client system 110 communicates with machine learningdata platform during iterations of a communication decision tree. Forexample, client system 110 (e.g., web server 135 or app server 145 atclient system 110) may detect a flag (e.g., included in a URL) in arequest for web content or app content received from a user device,where the flag indicates its association with a machine-learning-basedworkflow). Client system 110 may then alert machine learning modelimplementor 157 of the request, so that a trajectory can beappropriately updated.

Machine learning data platform, client system 110 and user devices150-1, 150-2 can communicate over a network 160, which can include, forexample, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and soon. It will be appreciated that various alternatives to the depicted anddescribed embodiments are contemplated. For example, some or all of themachine learning may be performed at client system 110. Client system110 may periodically receive anonymized or partially anonymized userdata to process using a machine-learning technique.

Other techniques for using and configuring communication decision treesare detailed in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/007,762, filed on Jun. 13,2018 (entitled “Methods and Systems for Configuring CommunicationDecision Trees based on Connected Positionable Elements on Canvas”), andU.S. application Ser. No. 16/007,787, filed on Jun. 13, 2018 (entitled“Machine-Learning Based Processing of De-Obfuscated Data for DataEnrichment”). Each of these applications is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate interfaces 200 and 300 for configuringtemplates 202 and 302 for communications configured to be partlyconfigured upon detecting a rendering process or at rendering. Theconfiguring can include executing a configured machine-learning modelusing current learned configurations of the model and current profiledata. Template 202 shown in FIG. 2 includes a template to be used forgenerating an email communication, and template 302 shown in FIG. 3includes a template to be used for generating an app notificationcommunication.

Template 202 includes static text (e.g., text 205) and interactionfeatures (e.g., button 210). Template 202 further represents aparticular layout, in which three items are to be linearly representedabove text 205. Template 202 also include dynamic components (e.g.,dynamic text 215 and dynamic image 220) that are configured to beidentified when rendering of the email is requested or occurring. Thus,when an email communication is transmitted, the static components can betransmitted along with code configured to (upon detecting a request torender the email) locally identify at least part of current profiledata, request at least part of current profile data, requestidentification of dynamic components, receive or retrieve dynamiccomponents (e.g., identified using current profile data, currentanonymized or partially anonymized data and/or current learnedparameters) and/or generate a complete email based on the template anddynamic components. The generated email can then be presented.

Template 302 includes a static layout and multiple dynamic textcomponents (e.g., a dynamic title section 310. Template 302 can beconfigured to be transmitted with a script that facilitates dynamicallyidentifying each dynamic text component. For example, the scriptcan—upon detecting a request to present the notification (e.g., inresponse to opening an app, clicking on a notification app element,etc.)—locally identify at least part of current profile data, request atleast part of current profile data, request identification of dynamictext components, receive or retrieve dynamic text components (e.g.,identified using current profile data, current anonymized or partiallyanonymized data and/or current learned parameters) and/or generate acomplete notification based on the template and dynamic text components.The generated notification can then be presented. Interface 300 shows anexample of a dynamically generated notification 315 this includes thestatic layout and particular dynamic text.

FIG. 4 shows a representation of a communication decision tree 400.Communication decision tree 400 includes a starting node 405, at whicheach trajectory begins. A particular trajectory can be (in this example)initialized upon detecting that a user has completed two particularactions (e.g., initialized two web-site sessions, purchased two itemsfrom a web site, navigated to at least two webpages on a web site,etc.).

Communication decision tree 400 includes three branching nodes 410, 415and 420—each of which branches to connect to three nodes representingthree different actions. A trajectory can automatically and immediatelyextend from initial node 405 to a first branching node 410, whichtriggers a first decision to be made. Specifically, the first decisioncan include identifying a communication channel to use to send an alertof a web-site feature. The alert can include an automatically presentedstatic header that indicates (for example) that a product or discount(generally) is available in association with the web site. The alert mayfurther be associated with dynamic content (e.g., that specificallyidentifies one or more products and/or a discount) that is to beidentified at a second branching node 415 upon detecting a request toopen the notification.

First branching node 410 is connected to a first action node 425 a thatrepresents an email communication channel, a second action node 425 bthat represents an SMS-message communication channel, and a third actionnode 425 c that represents an app-based communication channel (where anotification would be pushed to and/or by an app installed at a userdevice).

The first decision can be made using a machine-learning model configuredbased upon one or more first parameters. The one or more firstparameters can be dynamically determined based on anonymized and/orpartially anonymized user data and/or client-specific data. For example,anonymized and/or partially anonymized user data may indicate—for eachof various user sub-populations (as defined based on one or more userattributes)—how effective an alert transmission sent via each of thethree types of communications channels was at triggering the user toinitiate a session at a corresponding web site (e.g., as determinedbased on using tracking links within the alerts) and complete atransaction during the session. The anonymized and/or partiallyanonymized user data may correspond to many different web sites and/orweb sites having one or more particular characteristics. Theclient-specific data can include data tracked by a given client for theparticular web site of interest and can data that specificallyidentifies each user to which various alerts were transmitted and theresult. The client-specific data may thus be richer in some respectsrelative to the anonymized and/or partially anonymized data, but thenumber of users represented in the client-specific data may be smallerthan that represented in the anonymized and/or partially anonymizeddata. Further, the client-specific data may lack pertinent attributecombinations. For example, a given client may not have previously usedapp-based alerts, which may have reduced an accuracy with which amachine-learning model could predict potential effects of such alerts.

The machine-learning model (configured with the first parameters) canuse profile data associated with the trajectory to determine whichcommunication channel to user. The profile data can includeclient-collected profile data (e.g., using metadata, cookies and/orinputs associated with previous HTML requests from a user deviceassociated with the trajectory). The profile data may further includeother profile data requested and received from a remote user-profiledata store, which may collect and manage profile data from multiple webhosts, clients, etc.

Upon identifying the communication channel, the trajectory extends tothe corresponding action node (425 a, 425 b or 425 c). An alert is thensent using the corresponding communication channel. The alert can beconfigured to automatically identify limited content and to cause thetrajectory to extend to second branching node 410 upon detecting arequest to open the alert. A decision can then be made at secondbranching node 410 to determine specific content to be presented in abody of the alert.

Thus, second branching node 415 is connected to a first notificationcontent node 430 a that represents content that identifies a productmost recently viewed by the user at the web site, a second notificationcontent node 430 b that represents content that identifies four of theproducts most viewed (across users) at the web site over the last week,and a third notification content node 430 c that represents content thatincludes an identification of a discounts. The second decision can bemade using the machine-learning model configured based upon one or moresecond parameters. Thus, in some (but not all) instances, a general typeof machine-learning model used at various branching nodes to makedecisions can be the same, though particular configurations (e.g.,indicating weights to be assigned to various user attributes, which userattributes are to be considered at all and/or target outcomes) candiffer.

The one or more second parameters can be dynamically determined based onanonymized and/or partially anonymized user data and/or client-specificdata. However, each of the anonymized and/or partially anonymized userdata and/or the client-specific data may have changed since making thefirst decision, which can contribute to differences between the firstand second parameters. Further, the potential actions considered atsecond branching node 415 differs from those considered at firstbranching node 410. Therefore, the first and second configurations canbe different. Additionally, the profile data that is processed candiffer between the first and second branching nodes. For example, aclient-associated application may have been installed at a user devicebetween processing performed at the first and second branching nodes(e.g., such that application-based notifications are an option at thesecond branching node but were not at the first).

Upon identifying the content, the trajectory extends to thecorresponding content node (430 a, 430 b or 430 c). The correspondingcontent is then transmitted to the user device, such that it can bepresented at the user device.

The content can include one or more tracking links to a webpage at theweb site. Upon detecting that a tracking link has been activated, thetrajectory can extend to a third branching node 420. A decision can thenbe made at third branching node 415 to determine specific content to bepresented at the requested webpage.

Thus, third branching node 420 is connected to a first webpage contentnode 435 a that represents content that identifies four representativeproducts—each associated with a different category; a second webpagecontent node 435 b that represents content that identifies fourrepresentative products—each associated with a same category; and athird webpage content node 435 c that represents content that identifiesa single product predicted to be of interest to a given user based onprevious webpage-interaction data.

The third decision can be made using the machine-learning modelconfigured based upon one or more third parameters. The thirdparameter(s) can differ from the first parameter(s) and/or the secondparameter(s) as a result of temporal changes to anonymized and/orpartially anonymized user data, the client-specific data and/or as aresult of differences of the potential actions. Additionally, theprofile data processed at third branching node 420 can be different thanthat processed at first branching node 410 and/or second branching node415 (e.g., as a result of detecting new metadata in communications fromthe user device and/or receiving new information corresponding to theprofile from a remote system).

Upon identifying the content, the trajectory extends to thecorresponding content node (435 a, 435 b or 435 c). The correspondingcontent is then transmitted to the user device, such that it can bepresented at the user device within a corresponding webpage.

It will be appreciated that, while communication decision tree 400depicted in FIG. 4 shows a single decision being made at eachcommunication stage (when a notification is to be transmitted, when abody of a notification is to be presented, and when a webpage is to bepresented), multiple decisions may instead be made using amachine-learning model. For example, at branching node 410, a decisionmay be made as to what communication channel to use and when to transmita notification (e.g., by identifying a time within a time period or atime from amongst a set of potential times). As another example, aseparate decision may be made before or after the communications-channeldecision to identify a transmission time. Thus, a machine-learning modelmay be configured to generate multiple outputs or multiplemachine-learning models can have multiple configurations (eachcorresponding to different parameters and/or hyperparameters, eachtrained separately and/or each producing a separate type of output).

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a trajectory 500 corresponding to auser device and extending through communication decision tree 400. Inthis instance, a machine-learning result made at first branching node410 indicated that an email communication channel was to be used to senda notification, such that trajectory 500 extended to first action node425 a. An email notification is then transmitted to the user device. Arequest for email content is detected, indicating that a user isattempting to view the email, such that trajectory 500 extends to secondbranching node 415. There, a decision is made to include content thatincludes an identification of a discounts in the email. Thus, trajectory500 extends to third notification content node 430 c, and thecorresponding content is transmitted to the user device.

A request for a webpage corresponding to a targeted link within theemail is then detected, such that trajectory 500 extends to thirdbranching node 420. A machine-learning result is generated thatindicates that the webpage is to include content that identifies fourrepresentative products—each associated with a different category.Therefore, trajectory 500 extends to first email content node 435 a, atwhich the corresponding webpage content is transmitted to the userdevice.

In the depicted instance, the decisions at the first branching node, thesecond branching node and the third branching node are indicated ashaving been made at 5 pm on a first day, 12 pm on a second day, and 6 pmon the second day. Corresponding actions are then immediately performed.It will be appreciated that action times may further be decided inaccordance with a machine-learning model execution, client rule or othertechnique.

It will be further appreciated that identifying themachine-learning-based decision can include implementing one or moreadditional constraints and/or factors. Alternatively or additionally,the machine-learning-based decision can be further modified based on oneor more additional constraints and/or factors. For example, U.S.application Ser. No. 14/798,293, filed on Jul. 13, 2015, (which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes)further details additional techniques to dynamically identifycommunication characteristics, which may be further combined withmachine-learning techniques disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, systems and methods are provided that avail acanvas to facilitate configuring a sequence of machine-learningimplementations to partly define a communication exchange. Morespecifically, a canvas is availed that accepts positioning andconnecting of individual switch visual elements with corresponding setsof communication visual elements. A communication decision tree can thenbe generated based on a set of positioned and connected visual elements.The canvas can be configured to accept, for each communication visualelement, an identification of one or more communication specificationsassociated with the communication visual element. Each switch visualelement can represent a machine-learning technique (to be associatedwith particular parameters learned through training) to be used toselect a particular communication visual element from amongst a set ofcommunication visual elements connected to the switch visual element.The canvas can be configured to accept (e.g., for each switch visualelement or generally) an identification of a target outcome (e.g.,representing a user-initiated event or communication), which can directmachine-learning selections. Thus, the particular communication visualelement selected using the machine-learning technique can correspond toa communication specification predicted to be relatively likely toresult the target outcome (e.g., which may be represented as an eventvisual element in the communication decision tree).

A machine-learning model can be defined for each represented switchvisual element. The machine-learning model can be trained using previoustrajectories pertaining to other communication decision trees (e.g., butcapitalizing on the other communication decision trees havingcommunication visual elements that correspond to similar or samecommunication specifications as those represented by communicationvisual elements in the model being trained). For example, the model canbe trained by determining—for the trajectories routed so as to trigger acommunication having a particular communication specification—whatsubsequent user-initiated events were represented by those trajectories(e.g., and what portion of the trajectories represented an occurrence ofa client-identified target outcome). The model can further oralternatively be trained using trajectories as they emerge that pertainto the generated communication decision tree.

In some instances, a model can be trained using a data set that reflectsprevious events (e.g., trajectories through a same or differentcommunication decision tree and/or other indication of an eventsequence) and is augmented with new data. The new data may have recentlybecome available (e.g., via newly received form input or metadatadetection) but may correspond to a variable type estimated to be staticor predictably changing. For example, if a user's age is identified attime X, the user's age at time X−3 years can be calculated, while anaccuracy of a retrospective estimate of an interest or location variableover an extended time period may be less reliable. The training can thendetermine whether various attributes represented in the new data waspredictive of whether particular events were going to occur.

The interface can be configured to accept indications as to biases thatare to be applied at various machine-learning stages. For example, withrespect to a given switch element that is connected to a particular setof communication visual elements, a client may interact with a slidercontrol visually associated with a first visual element to indicate thatpath selections are to be boosted towards (or dampened from) the firstvisual element. Metadata that feeds into the machine-learning model canbe set based on the interaction to enable effecting of a correspondingbias. In some instances, the metadata can correspond to an unlearnedhyperparameter that is then used to adjust or constrain a learnedparameter (e.g., weight). In some instances, the metadata be used todefine a post-processing adjustment to be applied to a result generatedby the machine-learning model. In some instances, a client or systemimplements a bias towards a given communication visual element whentraining data corresponding to a communication specification representedby the element is relatively low (e.g., generally and/or in associationwith a given communication stage).

In some instances, an interface can enable a client to define astructure of the communication decision tree and/or—for each decisionnode—one or more hyperparameters of a machine-learning model to beexecuted at the node. It will be noted that a machine-learning model canbe defined based on one or more hyperparameters and one or moreparameters. Each of the one or more hyperparameters includes a variablethat is not learned via training of the machine-learning model, whilethe one or more parameters include one or more variables that arelearned via training of the machine-learning model. Thus, an interfacecan be configured to allow a client to specify hyperparameters thatindicate (for example) a number of branching nodes, actionscorresponding to each branch connected to each branching node, otherinter-node connections, one or more constraints to be observed duringexecution of individual machine-learning models, and so on.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary interface 600 to define a communicationdecision tree. Specifically, interface includes a canvas 605 on whichrepresentations of various nodes can be positioned and connected.Interface 600 can include a set of icons that can be selected andpositioned on canvas 605 to represent specific sequential operations.The set of icons can include a start icon 610 representing a start ofthe communication decision tree. Start icon 610 can be associated withconfiguration logic that can receive a definition of a condition that,when satisfied, indicates that a trajectory through the communicationdecision tree is to be initiated.

The set of icons can further include an end icon 615. The communicationdecision tree can be defined to indicate that a given trajectory iscomplete upon reaching end icon 615. A client can then connectaction-defining icons and/or event-detection icons between a positionedstart icon 610 and a positioned end icon 615 to represent variousoperations and assessments that are to be performed during trajectoryobservations.

An action-defining icon included in the set of icons can be a switchicon 620. Switch icon 620 corresponds to a branching node, at which abranch is selected or “switched to”. The selection can be made using aconfigured machine-learning model and profile data. In many instances,switch icon 620 is connected to multiple potential paths. A potentialpath can intersect with another icon (e.g., a communication icon,event-detection icon, other switch icon and/or an end icon).

Exemplary communication icons include an email icon 625 indicating thatan email is to be transmitted to a user device, a text-message icon 630indicating that a text or SMS message is to be transmitted to a userdevice, and an app-message icon 635 indicating that an alert is to beindicated via an app installed at a user device. In some instances, apotential path indicates that no action is taken (via a lack of acommunication icon). In the depicted canvas, the positioned switch iconis connected to three paths: two email paths (e.g., associated withdifferent content and/or transmission times) and one no-action path.

An event-detection icon included in the set of icons can includetarget-detection icon 637, which represents that an event thatcorresponds to a target outcome for one or more machine-learningtechniques has been detected. Target-detection icon 637 and/or anotherevent-detection icon can indicate (for example) that a notification hasbeen opened, a targeted link included in a notification has beenactivated, a user device associated with a trajectory has initiated asession with a web site, a product (e.g., any product or a specificproduct) has been purchased on a web site, additional profileinformation corresponding to the trajectory has been provided, and soon.

Interface 600 can include a connection tool 640 that can be used toconnect multiple icons in a directional manner. Each connection canindicate that the communication decision tree is configured to allow atrajectory to extend across the connected node in the indicateddirection. However, each connection can be associated with a condition,such that a trajectory only extends across the connection when thecondition is satisfied. For example, a connection can be configured suchthat a condition is satisfied when a determination is made at abranching node (connected at one end of the connection) to perform anaction represented by a communication icon (connected at another end ofthe connection). As another example, a condition may be configured to besatisfied upon detecting a particular type of interaction in associationwith a trajectory-associated user device.

Each action-defining icon can be associated with one or more actionparameters that define a detailed action to be performed when atrajectory has reached the icon. For example, a parameter-defininginterface may presented as part of interface 600 upon clicking on anicon and/or a parameter-defining interface can be opened in a pop-upwindow upon right-clicking on and/or double-clicking the icon.

In some instances, each action-defining icon and/or event-detection iconcorresponds to a widget or piece of code that can be independentlyexecuted. Canvas 605 can serve as a communication fabric, such that aresult produced by one widget (e.g., an indication from amachine-learning model corresponding to a switch icon that acommunication is to be transmitted in accordance with a particularcommunication specification) can be availed to another widget (e.g., awidget corresponding to a communication icon corresponding to theparticular communication specification). Thus, canvas 605 can extendtrajectories in response to widget results and orchestrate aspects ofcommunication exchanges.

While not shown in FIG. 6, it will be appreciated that, in someinstances, multiple switch icons 620 can be positioned on canvas 605.Each switch icon 620 can correspond to a separate instance of amachine-learning model that can be separately configured and operated.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary parameter-defining interface 700 for a switchicon. Parameter-defining interface 700 includes a field for a StageLabel that accepts text input. The text input can subsequently displayednext to the associated icon in the interface for defining thecommunication decision tree. A description can also be entered via textinput, which can be displayed (for example) in the interface fordefining the communication decision tree in response to detecting asingle click or double click in association with the icon.

For switch icons that are configured to identify a selection or actionspecification and/or that are configured to implement a machine-learningmodel, parameter-defining interface 700 can include a field to define atarget outcome. For example, a pull-down menu may identify a set ofevents that are being tracked and are available for identification as atarget outcome. The target outcome can include an action initiated at auser device, a system-initiated notification, etc. For example, a targetoutcome can include detecting that a link within a communication availedto the user device was clicked, that a communication availed to the userdevice was opened, that a communication resulted in a purchase made inassociation with the user device (i.e., a conversion), that a chatsession was initiated, that a form was completed, etc.

For switch icons that are configured to identify a selection or actionspecification and/or that are configured to implement a machine-learningmodel, parameter-defining interface 700 can further include one or morefields that indicate potential results to be identified. For example,interface 700 includes fields that correspond to three paths or branchesthat extend from the icon. In this instance, a stage-label name ofanother action-defining icon is identified for each path. In someinstances, path information is automatically updated atparameter-defining interface 700 upon detecting that a switch isconnected to one or more other icons at the interface for defining thecommunication decision tree. It will also be appreciated thatparameter-defining interface 700 can include an option to add anadditional path, remove a path, etc.

In some instances, one of the paths can be identified as a default path.Trajectories may then generally be routed to the default path unless(for example) a machine-learning model predicts that another path willhave at least a threshold degree of greater probability of resulting inthe target outcome, traversal through another path will produceadditional data for the path that is of a threshold value (e.g., asindicated by a predicted improvement in confidences of subsequentpredictions), etc. In some instances, whether a default path is selecteddepends on a confidence associated with a probability of the targetoutcome occurring (e.g., unless it is predicted that another path has atleast a 60% probability of resulting in a target outcome and that theprobability has a confidence of at least 50%).

In some instances, a switch icon can be configured to select a pathand/or next action (or lack thereof) and a time to extend the path to anext icon (e.g., and perform any next action). The time can be selectedfrom amongst multiple times and/or along an open or closed continuum. Inthe depicted instance, parameter-defining interface 700 includes amaximum time at which the trajectory is extended to a nextaction-defining icon. Thus, here, the trajectory is to be extended nolater than one day after the trajectory has reached the switch iconunless decision logic executed in association with the switch iconindicates that another time period is sufficiently more advantageous(e.g., due to a higher probability of resulting in a target outcomeand/or to increased training data).

A machine-learning technique and/or other selection technique can beconfigured to identify a path from amongst multiple potential paths thatis associated with a highest probability of resulting in a targetoutcome. In some instances, the technique further introduces some degreeof noise and/or variability such that a path deemed to be sub-optimalare occasionally selected to facilitate continue training of anunderlying model.

In some instances, a client may have a reason to introduce a biastowards or against selection of a particular path. For example, aparticular path may be costly (e.g., computationally and/or financially)to use relative to another path. As another example, a particular pathmay have high availability relative to another path. As yet anotherexample, a client may desire to quickly gain information as to anefficacy of a given path so as to inform subsequent resource-allocationdecisions.

Thus, parameter-defining interface 700 can include one or more optionsto effect a bias towards or against individual paths. In the depictedinstance, a slider is provided for each path. When the slider ispositioned towards the right “Boost” side, the path-selection techniquecan be adjusted to be biased towards a corresponding path. When theslider is positioned towards the left “Constrain” side, thepath-selection technique can be adjusted to be biased against acorresponding path. Such boosting and/or constraining options may haveimposed limits, such that (for example) an effect of moving the sliderto the left-most constrain position is not to prevent a selection of acorresponding path. Such limits can allow a machine-learning model tocontinue to collect data pertaining to various options and continue tomodify one or more parameters through learning. When there are only twooptions, a single interface component may be provided to identifyrelative bias towards one option versus the other. Meanwhile,option-specific boosting/constraining options can provide more intuitivecontrols when there are more than two options.

FIG. 8 shows another parameter-defining interface 800 that includesoptions to effect a bias towards or against representing various contentin communications. In the depicted instance, nine content items (eachrepresenting a corresponding product) are represented. A slider isprovided in visual association with a representation of each contentitem. When the slider is positioned towards the right “Boost” side, acontent selection (e.g., which can correspond to selecting betweenmultiple paths representing different content or can correspond toselecting content subsequent to identifying a communications channel)can be adjusted to be biased towards a corresponding content item. Whenthe slider is positioned towards the left “Constrain” side, thepath-selection technique can be adjusted to be biased against acorresponding item.

In the depicted instance, the slider is positioned to a left-mostposition. This triggers a “Never Offer” option to be presented. In someinstances, if the Never Offer option is not selected, the first contentitem may at least occasionally still be selected.

Based on the relative biases indicated by the sliders and historicalcommunication counts, a system can predict a number of times thatindividual content items will be represented in a given day. Thus, as aclient moves one or more sliders, interface 800 may automatically updateestimated counts as to a number of times that individual content itemswill be presented (e.g., per day) given the slider positions.

It will be appreciated that different types of biases can further beidentified and effected. For example, one or more sliders may beprovided to indicate biases related to when a communication istransmitted. For example, a slider may indicate an extent to which tobias decisions towards an immediate transmission (and/or towardstransmission at another time, such as at a capped time).

Effecting a bias (e.g., towards or against a type of communicationchannel, towards or against representing particular types of content,towards or against transmitting a communication at a particular time,etc.) can include (for example) modifying one or more weights in amachine-learning models and/or one or more thresholds. In someinstances, effecting a bias includes performing a post-processing (e.g.,to redistribute a portion of the results to improve an extent to which adistribution of communication attributes matches a target distributionindicated based on the bias(es).

FIG. 9 shows yet another parameter-defining interface 900 that includesoptions to effect a bias towards or against using various communicationchannels to transmit communications. In the depicted instance, threecommunication channels are represented: email, app-based notificationand SMS message. A slider is provided in visual association with arepresentation of each channel. When the slider is positioned towardsthe right “Boost” side, a content transmission can be adjusted to bebiased towards using the corresponding type of channel. When the slideris positioned towards the left “Constrain” side, the path-selectiontechnique can be adjusted to be biased against a corresponding channel.

Interface 900 further shows a time-series representation indicating anumber of communications that have been transmitted using each channelwithin a recent time period and further indicating a number ofcommunications scheduled for transmission using each channel. across anupcoming time period. A current time is represented by the verticalline. The communications can be scheduled in accordance with a selectiontechnique that selects between multiple potential transmission times(e.g., which may be included in a same or different machine-learningmodel relative to one selecting a communication channel). Thus, a clientcan view scheduled loads across various channels and determine whetherto adjust any biases set for or against a channel.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart for a process 1000 for using machine learningto direct trajectories through a communication decision tree accordingto some embodiments of the invention. Process 1000 begins at block 1005where a data structure representing a communication decision tree isaccessed. The communication decision tree can be configured todynamically define individual trajectories through the communicationdecision tree using a machine-learning technique to indicate a series ofcommunication specifications. More specifically, the communicationdecision tree can include a set of nodes. A given trajectory can beextended across nodes in response to detecting an event indicating thatsuch extension is to occur. An event can include (for example) detectinga particular type of action or communication from a user event or caninclude identifying a particular decision (corresponding to a nodeidentification) at a trajectory-managing system or machine learning dataplatform. The set of nodes can include a set of branching nodes. Eachbranching node of the set of branching nodes can correspond to an actionpoint configured to identify a direction for a given trajectory and/orto identify a particular action to be initiated at a trajectory-managingsystem or machine learning data platform. A branching node can beconfigured to identify the direction or action using a configuredmachine learning model.

At block 1010, it is detected that a trajectory (associated with aparticular user and/or particular user device) has extended to reach abranching node of the communication decision tree. The particular usercan be one of a set of users included in a target group of communicationrecipients or target audience (e.g., each being associated with one ormore predefined attributes identified by a client). The target group ofcommunication recipients or target audience need not (though it may) bestatically defined. For example, it can represent a dynamic set thatcorresponds to profiles that—at various points in time—represent each ofone or more predefined attributes. The trajectory may have been extendedto the branching node as a result of detecting a particular type ofevent initiated at the user device (e.g., a communication indicatingthat the user device is engaged in a session at a client-associated website, a communication indicating that the user has completed a profileform submission, etc.) and/or as a result of completing a particularsystem-initiated action.

At block 1015, learned data that has been generated by processing otheruser data is retrieved. The other user data can correspond to dataassociated with at least part of the target group of communicationrecipients and/or target audience. The learned data can include datagenerated while training a machine-learning technique. It will beappreciated that the training may occur during a separate time relativeto using the machine-learning technique to direct one or moretrajectories, or the training and utilization of the machine-learningtechnique may be performed concurrently. The other user data can includetrajectory data associated with one or more trajectories through a sameor different communication decision tree. For example, the other userdata can indicate for which of the at least part of the target group ofcommunication recipients a corresponding trajectory reached a targetnode in a communication decision tree as specified in a predefinedtrajectory objective (e.g., indicating a success of a workflow). Atarget node may represent (for example) interacting with content, aconversion or responding to a communication. As another alternative oradditional example, the other user data can indicate for which of the atleast part of the target group a corresponding trajectory reached apreidentified node representing an undesired result (e.g., lack ofresponding to a communication, lack of a conversion or lack ofinteracting with content). The other user data can indicate profile dataand/or attributes corresponding to one or more users and can furtherindicate various events detected and/or initiated in association withindividual trajectories. Thus, for example, the other user data mayindicate a probability of detecting a particular type of event (e.g.,identified by a client as a target outcome) when various circumstancesexist.

At block 1020, one or more user attributes associated with a usercorresponding to the trajectory (detected as extending to the branchingnode) are retrieved. The user attribute(s) can include (for example) atype of user device; a geographical location of a user device; a type ofbrowser being used at the user device; an operating system being used atthe user device; a partial or complete history of an interaction betweenthe user device and a particular web site; an interaction between theuser device and one or more other web sites, cookie data associated withthe user device; historical data indicating types of notifications(e.g., types of emails, text messages and/or app messages) that wereopened at the user device, that resulted in activation of an includedlink, etc. The one or more particular user attributes can be collectedand/or retrieved locally and/or requested and received from a remotesource.

At block 1025, one or more communication specifications are identifiedbased on the learned data and the one or more user attributes. Forexample, the learned data can include one or more parameters of amachine-learning model (e.g., a regression model). The machine-learningmodel may further be defined based on one or more hyperparameters. Themachine-learning model can then be configured to process the userattribute(s) using the parameter(s), hyperparameter(s) and/or underlyingstructure. A result of an implementation of the model may identify aselection from amongst multiple available options that is predicted tobe the most successful in achieving a target outcome. The multipleavailable options may correspond to (for example) different types ofcommunication channels to be used, different types of content to betransmitted, and/or different timings of transmission. In someinstances, the multiple available options share one or more othercommunication specifications.

At block 1030, transmission of content to a user device associated withthe trajectory is triggered. The content transmission is performed inaccordance with the one or more communication specifications.

At block 1035, it is determined whether the trajectory has extended toreach another branching node within the communication decision tree. Thedetermination can include determining (for example) whether a thresholdamount of time has passed since a last communication was transmitted tothe particular user (or corresponding device); that the particular userinteracted with a last communication transmitted to the particular user(or corresponding device) and/or that the particular user interactedwith target content irrespective of whether such interaction with thetarget content was a result of a last communication transmitted to theparticular user (or corresponding device). In some instances, each oftwo or more of these determinations is associated with a criterion of adifferent branching node. Block 1035 can include identify which otherbranching node to which the trajectory has extended.

If it is determined that the trajectory has extended to reach anotherbranching node, process 1000 returns to block 1015 and blocks 1015-1035are repeated. However, the repeated iteration of block 1015 may includeretrieving different learned data generated by processing other userdata (e.g., potentially, but not necessarily, in combination with atleast some of the user data). The different learned data may have beengenerated using a same or different configuration of themachine-learning technique (e.g., having same or different values and/ortypes of parameters and/or hyperparameters). The repeated iteration ofblock 1020 can include retrieving at least one other user attribute. Therepeated iteration of block 1025 can include identifying at least oneother communication specification (and/or from amongst a different setof potential communication specifications) based on the differentlearned data and the at least one other user attribute. The at least oneother communication specification can be identified using a same ordifferent type of underlying model. And the repeated iteration of block1030 can include triggering another transmission of other content inaccordance with the at least one other communication specification.

When it is determined that the trajectory has not extended to reachanother branching node, process 1000 proceeds to block 1040 to determinewhether the trajectory is complete. The determination can be made bydetermining whether a current end of a trajectory is associated with atrajectory that lacks an extending connection. If it is determined thatthe trajectory is complete, processing of the trajectory can beterminated. If it is determined that the trajectory is not complete,process 1000 can return to block 1035 to await a determination that thetrajectory has reached another branching node (e.g., as a result of auser-initiated action or external event).

Thus, process 1000 facilitates repeatedly using differently configuredmachine-learning models to identify specifications corresponding todifferent stages in a communication exchange. At the different stages,the models can use different profile data (e.g., values for differentfields or values that have changed in time) and/or different modelparameters (e.g., learned based on different inputs and/or outputspertaining to the models and/or based on temporal changes). Thisiterative application of machine-learning models facilitates dynamicallydirecting communication exchanges for individual users.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart for a process 1100 for defining amachine-learning-based communication decision tree using an interfacesupporting positionable visual elements. Process 1100 begins at block1105 where an interface is availed that includes a set of visualelements and a canvas for element positioning. Each of the set of visualelements can be positionable on the canvas. For example, the interfacemay be configured to allow a user to click on a representation of avisual element and—while maintaining the click—drag a cursor to anotherposition on the canvas to drop the visual element at the other position.As another example, a representation can be selected (e.g., via a clickor double-click) and another input (e.g., another click or double-click)received while the cursor is at another position can cause the visualelement to be positioned at the other position.

The set of visual elements can include a set of action-defining visualelements. Each action-defining visual element of the set ofaction-defining visual elements can a particular action that is to beperformed when a given trajectory has extended to the action-definingvisual element. The set of action-defining visual elements can include aswitch visual element that represents a decision action (e.g., madeusing a machine-learning model) to identify a communicationspecification using a machine-learning technique. The set ofaction-defining visual elements can further include a set ofcommunication visual elements. Each of the set of communication visualelements can represent a particular communication specification (e.g., atype of communication channel, specific content, transmission time,etc.). The set of visual elements can also include a connection visualelement configured to directionally connect multiple positioned visualelements. Each positioned visual element of the multiple positionedvisual elements can correspond to an action-defining visual element ofthe set of action-defining visual elements. The directional connectioncan indicate an order in which particular actions represented by themultiple positioned visual elements are to occur.

At block 1110, an update to the canvas is detected. The updated canvascan include the switch visual element being positioned at a firstposition within the canvas, a first communication visual element of theset of communication visual elements positioned at a second positionwithin the canvas, and a second communication visual element of the setof communication visual elements being positioned a third positionwithin the canvas. The first communication visual element can representa first particular communication specification, and the secondcommunication visual element can represent a second particularcommunication specification.

The updated canvas can further include a set of connection visualelements. Each of the set of connection visual elements can include aninstance of the connection visual element. A first connection of the setof connection visual elements can be positioned to connect the switchvisual element to the first communication visual element. A secondconnection of the set of connection visual elements can be positioned toconnect the switch visual element to the second communication visualelement. The set of connection visual elements can indicate thatpotential results of execution of the machine-learning technique at theswitch visual element include a first result that triggers acommunication transmission having the first particular communicationspecification and a second result that triggers a communicationtransmission having the second particular communication specification.

At block 1115, a particular communication decision tree is defined basedon the updated canvas. At block 1120, it is detected that a giventrajectory associated with particular profile data has extended to aparticular decision action represented by the switch visual element. Inresponse to the detection, at block 1125, the machine-learning technique(configured with learned parameter data and/or static data) is used toprocess the particular profile data to produce a machine-learningresult. The learned parameter data can include data learned during aseparate or ongoing training of a machine-learning model based on a setof trajectories associated with other users and/or associated with asame or different communication decision tree. The processing of theparticular profile data using the machine-learning technique canindicate which one of the first and second particular communicationspecifications is to be applied for a content transmission.

Thus, at block 1130, content is transmitted to a user device associatedwith the trajectory. The transmission is performed in accordance withthe one of the first and second particular communication specificationsas indicated in the machine-learning result. For example, the first andsecond communication visual elements may correspond to different typesof communication channels. Block 1125 may then include identifying oneof the two types of communication channels, and the content can betransmitted via the identified channel.

Thus, the canvas facilitates defining configurations for a communicationdecision tree. However, a client need not define a communicationexchange that applies to all users and/or that includes merely one ormore deterministic rules. Rather, the interface supports generallyidentifying options of various communication specifications, an order ofcommunication events and/or constraints. Specification communicationspecifications can then be automatically and dynamically generated usingmachine-learning techniques. This approach can facilitate configuring acommunication system to abide by client priorities but can allow thecommunication system to dynamically adapt to characteristics ofparticular users, resource loads, recent interaction patterns, etc.

It will be appreciated that variations of the disclosed techniques arecontemplated. For example, a branching node may use another type ofartificial-intelligence model that is not a machine-learning model toselect a communication specification to be used for a communication. Asanother example, an interface may be configured to accept a selection ofa particular type or a more general type of artificial-intelligencemodel that is to be used at a trajectory stage corresponding to a switchelement. As yet another example, an interface may be configured to allowan indication of what data (e.g., in terms of corresponding to one ormore communication decision trees, one or more time periods, and/or oneor more user-population segments) is to be used to train amachine-learning model corresponding to one, more or all switch elementspositioned on a canvas.

It will be appreciated that technology disclosed herein can be used tosupport various types of decision trees. For example, nodes in the treeand/or visual elements represented on a canvas can (in some instances)correspond to elements that generally are associated with logic thatevaluates whether a given condition is satisfied (e.g., a particulartype of inter-device communication is detected, a non-client-associatedapplication indicates that an action was performed, a particular timehas passed) and, upon detecting satisfaction, a particular action isperformed. For a subset of the nodes and/or visual elements, theconditioned particular action can include executing a machine-learningmodel based on profile data to select from amongst a set of connectednodes (or visual elements) to proceed, such that another particularaction associated with the selected node (or visual element) can beperformed. For example, machine-learning-based selection of trajectorypaths may be integrated into an If This Then That environment. Ratherthan having branching nodes connected to nodes identifying communicationspecifications, the branches could (for example) identify differentapplications to use to store data. Thus, a decision framework can beestablished to enable an artificial-intelligence applet and/or plugin tocommunicate with one or more other applets or back through a canvas.

In some instances, a technique can relate to identifying a worker towhich a request to perform a particular job is to be transmitted. Thetechnique can further or alternatively include (for example) identifyinga worker to which a request to participate in a query process is to bemade and/or one or more configurations for a request (e.g., to perform aparticular job and/or participate in a query process).

In some instances, the identifications can be made during incorrespondence with an iteration of progressing through a decision tree.The decision tree need not include finite and/or consistent potentialdecisions at each decision node. For example, the decision tree caninclude a progressive-filtering decision tree, such that a set ofworkers is iteratively reduced at each of two or more decision nodes.The set of potential decisions can correspond to all potential reducedsubsets of workers that correspond to a given decision. A particulardecision node may, but need not, constrain or define a quantity ofworkers that are to be included in a reduced subset of workers (e.g.,indicating that a set is to be reduced to a subset including 5 workers,to be reduced by 80%, or to be reduced to include between 2 and 9workers). A final output of the decision tree can include (for example)an identification of a single worker, a defined quantity of workersand/or may not be numerically constrained.

The decision tree may include one or more chance nodes that can reflect(for example) a response received from one or more workers. For example,following performance of a decision node, a request may be transmittedto a worker, and the response (or lack thereof) may indicate whether theworker accepted the request. In some instances, if the worker declinesand/or does not accept the request (e.g., within a predeterminedduration), the worker is filtered out of a current pool of workers beingconsidered.

In some instances, the decision tree represents decisions correspondingto a job offer (e.g., an offer to accept employment corresponding to aparticular position and/or occupation and/or for a particular employer).The job offer can pertain to one or more documents, files or data setsthat describe the job, ideal candidates, decision timelines, salary,location, etc. Each worker can include an identifier that corresponds toperson who has submitted a resume and/or application to apply for one ormore particular jobs, one or more specified types of jobs and/or jobsgenerally. One or more first decision nodes may pertain to a decision asto which worker(s) are to be invited to a query process (e.g.,in-person, telephonic or webex interview) with an employer, recruiter,etc. One or more second decision nodes may pertain to a decision as towhich worker(s) a job offer (e.g., request to perform a job) is to beprovided. One or more third decision nodes may pertain to identifyingrequest configurations to perform a job (e.g., salary, vacation,location, and/or other job-offer details). As on particular example, afirst decision node can be configured to output a ranking across a setof workers that corresponds to a probability of being offered aninterview for a job, and a second decision node can be configured tooutput a ranking across the set of workers (or subset thereof) thatcorresponds to a probability of being offered a job. As anotherparticular example, a first decision node can be configured to generatean output that corresponds to a likelihood that a worker will accept ajob offer (e.g., versus not accepting the offer despite any possibleoffer configurations), and a second decision node can be configured whatpackage (e.g., defining salary, bonus and/or compensation details) wouldbe needed to attract the worker. Decision-node outputs can be presentedor transmitted concurrently or simultaneously or at separate times.

It will be appreciated that, with respect to progression of a giventrajectory, a decision can, but need not, be automatically made at eachdecision node. For example, rather than filtering a set of workers (orsubset thereof) to a reduced set, an automated processing (e.g., thatrelies on execution of a machine-learning model) can output a ranking ofthe workers and/or a score for each worker. The output(s) can bepresented and/or transmitted (e.g., to a user device) to facilitate adecision to be made by the user that indicates filtering and/orselection that is to actually occur. The filtering and/or selection canbe communicated (e.g., via user input provided at a portal interface) tofurther adjust the decision-tree trajectory.

The filtering, ranking and/or score may be based on one or moreoptimization variables, which may be consistently used across multipleor all decisions in the decision tree or may be specifically defined foreach decision node (e.g., and different across some or all of thedecision nodes). An optimization variable may pertain to a decision madeby a worker (e.g., a probability that a worker will accept a request toparticipate in a query process and/or a probability that a worker willaccept request to perform a job), a decision made as to a subsequentrequest (e.g., a probability that a request to participate in a queryprocess will be sent and/or a probability that a request to perform ajob will be sent) and/or a performance (e.g., a probability that aworker will continue to perform a job over a predefined time interval, aprobability of achieving a high third-party evaluation of the worker'sperformance, and/or a probability of securing a high stock award orbonus based on job performance).

In some instances, ranking of workers (e.g., a filtered subset of aninitial set of workers) is performed based on performance data. Forexample, a machine-learning model can be trained based on training datathat includes worker attributes and performance data. Thus, attributesfrom each of multiple workers (e.g., represented in a filtered subset ofan initial set of workers) and job data can be input into the model, andan output can indicate rankings of the multiple workers based onpredicted performance assessments of each of the multiple workers (e.g.,the predicted performance corresponding to a predicted assessment ofperformance should the worker be assigned to the job). The output(s) caninclude (for example) numeric rankings (e.g., assigning a number to eachworker), ordering (e.g., that includes an ordered identification of theworkers), numeric or categorical scores for each worker (e.g., thatenable the workers to be ordered based on the scores), etc. Training themodel can result in (for example) learning one or more weights thatassociate various worker attributes with performance predictions. Insome instances, the model is trained such that performance predictionsare conditioned based on job specifications in addition to workerattributes.

Performance data used to train the model can include (for example)numeric, categorical and/or text data. In some instances, performancedata can include and/or can be processed to produce a metric along ascale. Performance data can be received from one/or more job owners(e.g., employers or reviewers) at one or more times (e.g., at regulartimes such as annually, in response to a pull request, or as a pushedreport). The training data can include attributes associated with theworker at (or approximately at) a time at which the job for whichperformance is being assessed was assigned to the worker and/or currentattributes of the worker (e.g., current in terms of a time at which theperformance assessment was made). The attributes for a given time can beascertained based on a specification data set available for the workerat that time. In some instances, a stored specification data set can beupdated based on a passage of time to derive the attributes to use fortraining. For example, if a specification data set included ayears-experience attribute and the attribute was initially stored orlast updated at time t minus x, the attribute may be updated to add x tothe attribute (e.g., if it is assumed that the worker was performing arelevant job during the x time). In some instances, performance data isonly included in a training data set if (for example) one or moreassociated worker attributes has been updated within a predefined timeperiod.

FIG. 12 shows an exemplary progressive-filtering decision tree 1200according to some embodiments of the invention. The decision tree canevaluate a set of workers in relation to a particular job. In someinstances, the evaluation includes evaluating a set of worker files(each representing and/or corresponding to a particular worker) and/or ajob file (e.g., representing a job and/or job offer). A worker file canrepresent and/or include a worker specification data structure (e.g.,resume data). A job file can represent and/or include a jobspecification data structure (e.g., job-posting data).

At decision node 1205, a determination is made as to which workers toinclude in a set of workers. The determination can be made based onevaluation of a set of files or data representations that correspond toa set of workers and a file or data representation that corresponds to ajob. Specifically, each file or data representation (corresponding to aworker or job) can be processed and transformed into a feature data set.For example, a feature data set can include an array, matrix or vectorthat includes a value at each element. The value can represent an extentto which the corresponding file or data representation matches,identifies or otherwise corresponds to a given feature.

In some instances, each feature is defined as being a particular spacewithin a word space. As a simple example, a feature may represent acluster of words (e.g., which can include synonyms and/or othercorresponding words), and a weight may (but need not) be assigned toeach word. As another example, a feature may represent a distribution.Words may be positioned across a multi-dimensional word space based on(for example) their semantic similarity to other words and/or theirprobability of occurring within a same document, file, paragraph, fieldvalue and/or sentence as each of one or more other words. Thedistribution can be defined (for example) by a center or centroid and aweight (and/or skew) for each of one, more or all of the dimensions.

A feature data set can be generated using data from a specification datastructure, which can include unstructured data (e.g., a set of words onvariable length in terms of character or word counts). The data can beprocessed to identify distinct words, which can be further processed.For example, the further processing can include converting each wordinto a stem word (e.g., that removes endings such as “ing”, “ed”, etc.).Further, various words (e.g., stop words articles, prepositions,conjunctions, and so on) can be removed from the set of words.

The (e.g., processed) word set can be input into a machine-learningmodel or other artificial-intelligence model to identify a feature dataset. As one example, the feature data set can be calculated using amachine-learning model that includes a neural network language model. Insome instances, relative ordering of words in a corresponding workerspecification data structure influences feature assignment. Exemplarytypes of machine-learning models include those identified in Le, Quoc.“Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents” Proceedings ofthe 31st International Conference on Machine Learning, Beijing, China,2014. JMLR: W&CP volume 32, available at:https://cs.stanford.edu/˜quocle/paragraph_vector.pdf, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. For example,doc2vec can be used to transform a text input that includes a set ofwords into a feature data set.

As another example, a value for a feature can be calculated by (forexample) generating a weight for each word in the processed set of wordsbased on the particular space for the feature and averaging the weights.As yet another example, a value for a feature can be calculated bycounting a number of occurrences of any of a feature-associated group ofwords within the data from the specification data structure (e.g., andnormalizing the count based on other counts or a total number of wordsin the data).

Individual feature data sets (e.g., for individual workers or individualjobs) can be stored. Each feature data set can be stored in associationwith an identifier of a worker or job and/or other information (e.g.,one or more key-value pairs from a corresponding specification datastructure, other information from a corresponding specification datastructure, raw data from a corresponding specification data structure).The feature data set(s) and associated information can, in someinstances, be stored in a Solr database.

Determining which workers to include in the set of workers can includecomparing each worker's feature data set (e.g., included in a pluralityof workers) to the job's feature data set (e.g., and selecting a subsetof the plurality of workers based on the comparison). The plurality ofworkers can include (for example) workers that are identified as beingavailable for potentially accepting a job (e.g., via a submission of aspecification data structure). The plurality of workers can be dynamic,in that workers can be dynamically removed from the plurality (e.g., inresponse to having assigned a job to the worker or receiving requestsfor removal) and/or can be dynamically added to the plurality (e.g., inresponse to receiving new worker specification data structures).

Performing a comparison between a worker's feature data set and a job'sfeature data set can include generating a comparison metric based on thefeature data sets. The metric can include (for example) an angle, a dotproduct, a correlation coefficient, etc. The worker subset can bedefined as corresponding to each worker associated with a dot product orcorrelation coefficient (or other comparison metric) that exceeds anabsolute or relative threshold. The relative threshold can be configuredto identify a subset that includes a particular number or particularpercentage of workers.

At decision node 1210, the set of workers are ranked via an iteration ofa machine-learning model, the feature data sets and additionalinformation. That is the machine-learning model can be executed toprocess input that corresponds to and/or includes the worker featuredata sets, the job feature data set and the additional information. Theadditional information can include one or more key-value pairs from theworker specification data sets (e.g., representing or indicating yearsof experience, education level, etc.). In some instances, the additionalinformation (further or alternatively) includes one or more key-valuepairs from the job specification data set.

Thus, in some instances, a machine-learning model used at an earlierstage does not receive and/or process some of the worker data that isreceived and/or processed by a machine-learning model at a later stage.For example, one or more key-value pairs for various workers may bereceived and/or processed by a later-stage machine-learning model butnot an earlier-stage machine-learning mode. The converse may also betrue. For example, an earlier-stage machine may receive and/or processraw text, whereas a later-stage machine-learning model may receiveand/or processed a processed version of the raw text and not the rawtext itself.

Using different types of machine-learning models, different types ofinputs and/or different optimization variables across different stagesof a decision-tree iteration can provide technical advantages. In someinstances, using different types of inputs facilitates efficientprocessing. For example, using processed versions of worker data atlater stages in lieu of original data can make use of previous dataprocessing and learning that can be performed to emphasize or selectuseful (or potentially useful) information rather than repeatingprocessing. Further, because earlier stage processing can (but need not)learn from a bigger and/or more diverse data set, learneddimensionality-reduction processing may be more robust when relying onearlier-stage learning relative to later-stage learning.

In some instances, using some data selectively in later stages canprovide a balance of utilizing rich worker data sets while alsopromoting efficient processing and resource consumption. For example, alarge worker population may be associated with tens of thousands ormillions of key-value pairs. As each additional category of key-valuepair is considered, the volume of a space of potential worker attributesexponentially increases. Meanwhile, the size of a potential worker poolcan decrease across stages, such that an absolute impact of includingone or more key-value pairs at a later stage is smaller than that at anearlier stage. That is, in some instances, earlier-stage calculationsmay be designed to be relatively simple as compared to later-stagecalculations to improve efficiency and the practical possibility ofperforming these steps by a computer.

The machine-learning model can include a model configured to output aranking of various inputs (given a reference job specification datastructure of job feature data set). For example, the machine-learningmodel can use a learning to rank algorithm.

The machine-learning model can be implemented to use supervised,semi-supervised or reinforcement learning. As one example, themachine-learning model can use LambdaRank (e.g., using xgboostimplementation). The machine-learning model can be trained usingcommunications corresponding to representations of extents to whichvarious worker data (e.g., worker specification data structures)corresponded to various job data (e.g., job specification datastructures). It will be appreciated that other types of machine-learningmodels may be used that do not output ranks of individual workers. Forexample, a machine-learning model may be configured to generate anoutput that indicates, for each of some or all of the set of workers, amatch score that represents a degree of match between worker data (e.g.,a worker feature data set and/or worker-associated additionalinformation) and job data (e.g., the job feature data set and/orjob-associated additional information).

In some instances, the output of execution of the machine-learning modelcan be further processed. For example, post-processing can includeidentifying a subset of workers associated with a rank below apredetermined rank threshold and/or to identifying a subset of workersassociated with a match score above a predetermined score threshold.

At decision node 1215, a subset of the set of workers are identified.The identification can include filtering the set of workers, based onthe ranks (or other results) from decision node 1210, to identifyworkers to which a request to participate in a query process is to besent.

In some instances, the identification is performed automatically. Forexample, a rule may indicate that a predetermined number of the sethaving the lowest (best) rankings are to be included in the subset orthat each worker associated with a score that exceeds a predefinedthreshold is to be included in the subset.

In some instances, the identification is performed based on receipt of acommunication that corresponds to an identification of workers to beincluded in the subset. The communication may have been generated basedon and in response to input received at a user device (e.g., arecruiter's device). For example, upon having identified the rankings atnode 1210, a communication may be generated that indicates the rankingsin association with corresponding workers. The communication may beconfigured to cause an interface to be updated and/or generated and alsoto be presented at a user device, where the interface includes some orall of the rankings. The interface may further include and/or availinformation about the ranked workers. For example, the interface mayinclude, in spatial association with each ranking, a link to view a fileor screen displaying a worker's specification data set. The interfacecan include one or more input options (e.g., checkbox(es), pull-downmenu(s), link(s), drag-and-drop interface(s), radio button(s), etc.).Interaction with the option(s) can be automatically detected andtranslated into identifications of particular workers to include in thesubset.

As one illustration, an interface may include a table, with each rowrepresenting a different worker. One column can indicate a rank of aworker, and other columns can include other information about the worker(e.g., field-value pairs, worker identifiers, etc.). A dividing element(e.g., thick line, which may also be movable) may be used to indicateworkers to be included in the subset (e.g., as only those above thedividing element), and the interface can accept dragging-and-droppingelements to move and reorder the rows. As another illustration, aninterface can include visual objects (e.g., small boxes) that identifyworker-specific information and a rank of the worker. Each visual objectcan include or can be spatially associated with a checkbox. A checkedcheckbox can indicate that the worker is to be included in the subset.

In some instances, a request to participate in the query process isautomatically sent (e.g., emailed or indicated in a worker's portal to ajob-assignment system) to each worker in the subset. In some instances,an identification of the workers in the subset (e.g., alongsidekey-value information that identifies contact information for workers inthe subset, such as email addresses or phone numbers) is displayed ortransmitted to facilitate external communication of the request toparticipate in the query process. The request can include (for example)job information (e.g., position and employer), a location associatedwith the query process (e.g., street address), and a time (or timeoptions) for the query process.

In some instances, responses to the requests are tracked. For example,when a request is sent as an email or via a worker's portal, one or moreresponse options can be provided to indicate whether the worker acceptsthe request and/or whether the worker declines the request. As anotherexample, a communication can be received from a user that indicates theresponse associated with each worker in the subset. In some instances,determining that no response has been received from a given workerwithin a predefined time period (e.g., beginning at a time that therequest was sent) can result in generation of a virtual response thatthe request was declined. The subset can be further filtered to removeidentification of the worker(s) that declined the request.

In some instances, decision node 1210 is not included in decision tree1200. The identification of workers to include in the subset can beperformed using an iteration of a machine-learning model. Themachine-learning model may process worker specification data structures(e.g., corresponding to the set of workers), the job specification datastructure and additional information (e.g., key-value pairs associatedwith the set of workers and/or key-value pairs associated with the job).The machine-learning model may be configured to (for example) output aranking, score or binary identifier (corresponding to whether to includein the subset).

At decision node 1220, one or more job configurations are identified fora job request, and at decision node 1225, a decision is made as to whichworker(s) to send a request to perform the job. In various instances,decisions made at nodes 1220 and 1225 are made concurrently; a decisionat node 1220 is made before a decision at node 1225 is made; or adecision at node 1220 is made after a decision at node 1225 is made. Insome instances, one or both of decisions made at block 1220 and at block1225 are made using a machine-learning model.

With regard to block 1220, a machine-learning model is configured tooutput—for each of one, some or all of the subset of workers—one or morejob configurations predicted to be sufficient (and/or a minimum) toresult in a worker accepting a job (with the configuration(s)). Themodel may further be configured to output—when appropriate—a result thatindicates that it is predicted that a worker will not accept the jobregardless of the configuration(s).

With regard to block 1225, a (same or different) machine-learning modelis configured to generate an output related to a selection of one ormore workers to which to request performance of the job. The output caninclude (for example and as one or more output values) a ranking, scoreand/or estimate that pertains to likelihood that an offer will beaccepted, predicted job-performance value and/or predicted retentionprobability or duration. An identification as to which worker(s) to senda request to perform a job can be automatically made and/or made basedon communications reflecting identifications generated by a remotesystem and/or user. For example, various data (e.g., rankings, scores,minimum-specification data) can be presented on an interface thataccepts selection of one or more workers of the subset of workers towhich a request is to be availed. Each request may be (but need not be)configured with corresponding configuration information identified inblock 1220. In some instances, the request(s) are configured withdefault (or consistent, such as minimum or maximum) configurations.

Thus, decision tree 1200 provides an illustration as to how multipledecision nodes can be used to iteratively refine a pool of workers forjob assignment. In some instances, responses to the job requests aretracked (e.g., as described above with respect to potential techniquesfor tracking responses to requests to participate in a job queryprocess). If one, more or all job requests are declined (e.g., and/ornot accepted within a default time period), one or both of decisionsassociated with blocks 1215, 1220 and 1225 can be repeated, but whileeliminating the previously selected worker(s) from the worker(s) inconsideration.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary representation of data processing occurringduring implementation of a progressive-filtering decision tree accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

In the illustrated instance, at a first decision node, a transformer1305 (e.g., a code block configured to transform one or more input dataobjects into a processed version thereof) receives a set of worker files1310 and one or more job files 1315. Each worker file 1310 can include aworker specification data structure that includes a set of workerspecifications, and each job file 1315 can include job specificationdata structure that includes a set of job specifications. It will beappreciated that, in some instances, transformer 1305 need not receiveworker filers and/or job files but may instead identify workerspecification data and/or job specification data to be transformed. Forexample, specification data may be received in one or morecommunications that were generated and transmitted from individualworker devices and/or other devices in response to detecting input(e.g., corresponding to online form entry).

Transformer 1305 can be configured to transform each worker file 1310into a worker feature data set 1320 and each job file 1315 into a jobfeature data set 1325. Each worker feature data set 1320 and job featuredata set 1325 can include—for each of a set of features—a value thatindicates an extent to which the feature is represented in thecorresponding (job or worker) file. Each feature can correspond to aportion of a semantic space 1330. In some instances, a machine-learningmodel can use a training data set (e.g., that includes unstructureddata) to define each feature. The machine-learning model can be trainedvia unsupervised learning and can include (for example) doc2vec.Features may be defined based on co-occurrence of words and/or phrasesand based on structure analysis (e.g., detecting word groupings,sentences and/or paragraphs). In some instances, an optimizationvariable used during training (to identify the feature set) can includean orthogonality metric between the features. That is, the feature setmay be defined so as to maximize a degree to which each individualfeature is orthogonal with and/or independent from each other feature.

A comparison element 1335 can compare each worker feature data set 1320to each job feature data set 1325 to generate a comparison output foreach pair-wise combination. In some instances, the comparison outputincludes a cosine angle between the feature data sets. In someinstances, the comparison includes generating a correlation coefficientbetween the feature data sets, generating a difference metric (e.g.,averaged, median, maximum or minimum) based on per-feature differencesbetween the sets, and so on.

A first filter 1335 can process the comparison outputs to identify—foreach job feature data set 1325—a subset 1340 of the set of workerfeature data sets 1320. For example, the processing can includingidentifying a predefined number of workers from amongst the set ofworkers based on the comparison outputs generated for the set ofworkers. To illustrate, the filtering can include selecting 100 workerfeature data sets that correspond to 100 highest comparison outputs(where a high value indicates a strong similarity, though alternative,100 lowest comparison outputs may be identified when comparison outputsare configured such that a low value indicates a strong similarity). Insome instances, the filtering includes selecting each worker featuredata set that is associated with a comparison output that is above (orin alternative configurations of the output, below) a predefinedthreshold.

At a second decision node, a machine-learning model 1345 can furtherprocess subset 1340 of the set of worker feature data sets 1320 and anindividual job feature data set 1325. Machine-learning model 1345 can beconfigured to be trained via supervised learning. Machine-learning model1345 can be configured to process structured data (e.g., of apreidentified format and/or size). Machine-learning model 1345 can beconfigured to output—for each of subset 1340 of the set of workerfeature data sets—a value (e.g., rank or score) that indicates acorrespondence to the job associated with job feature data set 1325.Thus, an output can include—for each worker of one, some or all ofsubset 1340—a ranking 1350 or the worker. The machine-learning model caninclude a learning-to-rank model. In some instances, machine-learningmodel 1345 is trained based on an optimization variable that correspondsto input received from a user. The input may identify previous decisions(e.g., identifying whether—with respect to one or more particularworkers—an interview was offered and/or accepted, a job was offeredand/or accepted and/or identifying an evaluation of a job performance).

In addition to the feature data sets, machine-learning model 1345 mayfurther process data from worker files 1310 corresponding to subset 1340and/or job file 1315 corresponding to job feature data set 1325. Theother data may include (for example) key-value data and/or individualform entries and may be identified via implementation of a second filter1355. In some instances, the other data for a given worker (or job) canbe aggregated with (e.g., concatenated with) a corresponding workerfeature data set 1340 (or job feature data set 1325), and theconcatenated data can be input to the model.

Rankings 1350 may be processed at a third decision node 1355, which can(for example) further filter and reduce subset 1340 of the set ofworkers (e.g., to a predefined size). In some instances, the furtherfiltering includes identifying a predefined number of workers associatedwith the lowest rank values. In some instances, other information (e.g.,feature data sets, key-value pairs, etc.) can further be considered. Insome instances, the rankings are presented to a user, and the furtherfiltering corresponds to a selection of one or more workers as indicatedvia one or more communications from the user device. In some instances,the further filtering is performed by a machine-learning model (e.g.,that uses past worker selection to request query-process participation,past worker acceptance of participating in a query process, past workerselection for job performance, past worker acceptance of a job and/orpast successful job performance as an optimization variable). Thefurther filtered subset of workers may include (for example) workers towhich a request to participate in a query process is to be communicated.If such a request is declined or not answer, third decision node 1355may be configured to identify another worker to include in the furtherfiltered subset.

At a fourth decision node 1360, results from the query process can beassessed to even further filter the worker subset (e.g., to identify apredefined quantity of workers for a job, such as a single worker). Thedecision can be made using a machine-learning model (e.g., that usespast worker selection for job performance, past worker acceptance of ajob and/or past successful job performance as an optimization variable).The even further filtered subset of workers may include (for example)workers to which a request to perform the job is to be communicated. Ifsuch a request is declined or not answer, fourth decision node 1355 maybe configured to identify another worker to include in the even furtherfiltered subset.

At a fifth decision node 1365, job specification information can bedetermined at a per-worker basis. For example, with respect to each ofone or more workers, one or more job specifications can be identifiedthat correspond to a predicted lower threshold or value predicted to besufficient for the worker to accept the job. In some instances, decisionnodes 1360 and 1365 are merged. For example, threshold specificationdata can be identified for each worker and communicated to a userdevice, which may respond with a selection of worker(s) to be includedin the even further filtered subset.

Each decision made at third, fourth and fifth decision nodes 1355, 1360and 1365 can be fed back to machine-learning model 1345. Additionalfeedback 1370 can indicate (for example) whether an individual workeraccepted a request to participate in a query process and/or accepted arequest to perform a job and/or an indication of a quality ofperformance of a job associated with a worker.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a process 1400 for advancing trajectoriesthrough decision trees using machine-learning model iterations accordingto some embodiments of the invention.

Process 1400 begins at block 1405 where a data structure (e.g., datafile or data set) representing a decision tree for assigning a job isaccessed. One or more first decision nodes of the decision tree cancorrespond to decisions as to how unstructured data in workerinformation and/or job information is to be processed to convert it intomeaningful structured data. The conversion can be performed using anunsupervised machine-learning model trained to detect (for example)various relationships and structures amongst words and to then define aset of features to use for subsequently characterizing unstructured(e.g., text) data.

Using the machine-learning model, at block 1410, a job feature data setis generated. The job feature data set can include a set of numericvalues that indicates characteristics of the job (via indication of anextent to which various features are identified as being represented injob information). The job feature data set can be generated viaprocessing (for example) job information (e.g., job-offer data) receivedvia an online portal.

Using the machine-learning model, at block 1415, for each of a set ofworkers, a worker specification data set is generated. The workerfeature data set can include a set of numeric values that indicatescharacteristics of the worker. The worker feature data set can begenerated via processing (for example) worker information (e.g., resumedata) received via an online portal. The job feature data set can begenerated by performing a semantic analysis of the worker information.

Generating specification data sets (for individual workers and/or for ajob) can be performed at a single decision node or worker and jobspecification data sets can be generated at separate decision nodes(e.g., and potentially relying upon different learned parameters).

At block 1420, it is detected that a trajectory corresponding to aniteration of the decision tree has reached another decision node. Theother decision node can correspond to a decision related to (forexample) how to filter (or further filter) a set of workers and/or howto configure a request to be sent to a worker. The other decision nodecan be configured to make the decision based on processing input datausing a machine-learning model (e.g., a different type of model ascompared to that used to identify features for feature data sets). Themachine-learning model can include (for example) a neural network model.

At block 1425, learned parameters corresponding to the node areretrieved. Learned parameters can include one or more weights for aneural network. The learned parameters may have been generated during atraining process where

At block 1430, an iteration of the machine-learning model is executed.The machine-learning model can be configured with the node-specificlearned parameters. The execution can include inputting thejob-associated feature data set and one, more or all of theworker-associated feature data sets to the machine-learning model. Insome instances, each worker-associated feature data set is processedwith the job-associated feature data set but not with otherworker-associated feature data sets (which can be separately processedwith the job-associated feature data set). In some instances, allworker-associated feature data sets and the job-associated feature dataset are processed in a given execution of the model. A result of themodel can include (for example) filtering the set of workers, rankingthe set of workers, assigning a score to each of the set of workers, andso on.

Process 1400 may return to block 1420 in instances in which the decisiontree includes additional decision nodes using a machine-learning modelto make or facilitate a decision. The model may be a same or differenttype across decision nodes.

At block 1435, one or more communication actions are triggered thatrepresent one or more results generated using machine-learning resultsproduced at one or more decision nodes. For example, a communication mayinclude a request transmitted to a worker to participate in a queryprocess or to accept a job. As another example, a communication mayinclude an identification of one or more workers included in a subset ofworkers generated at a decision node. As yet another example, acommunication may include, for each of one or more workers, a ranking orscore generated using a machine-learning model that represents an extentto which that it is predicted that (for example) the worker'sspecifications correspond to the job specifications, a worker willaccept a request to participate in a query process, a worker will accepta request to perform a job, or a worker will successfully perform a job.

Specific details are given in the above description to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understoodthat the embodiments can be practiced without these specific details.For example, circuits can be shown in block diagrams in order not toobscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances,well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniquescan be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring theembodiments.

Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means describedabove can be done in various ways. For example, these techniques,blocks, steps and means can be implemented in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing unitscan be implemented within one or more application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signalprocessing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers,micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed toperform the functions described above, and/or a combination thereof.

Also, it is noted that the embodiments can be described as a processwhich is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, astructure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart can describethe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can beperformed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of theoperations can be re-arranged. A process is terminated when itsoperations are completed, but could have additional steps not includedin the figure. A process can correspond to a method, a function, aprocedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process correspondsto a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the functionto the calling function or the main function.

Furthermore, embodiments can be implemented by hardware, software,scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardwaredescription languages, and/or any combination thereof. When implementedin software, firmware, middleware, scripting language, and/or microcode,the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks can bestored in a machine readable medium such as a storage medium. A codesegment or machine-executable instruction can represent a procedure, afunction, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, asoftware package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions,data structures, and/or program statements. A code segment can becoupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/orreceiving information, data, arguments, parameters, and/or memorycontents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can be passed,forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memorysharing, message passing, ticket passing, network transmission, etc.

For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies can beimplemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) thatperform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable mediumtangibly embodying instructions can be used in implementing themethodologies described herein. For example, software codes can bestored in a memory. Memory can be implemented within the processor orexternal to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers toany type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or otherstorage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memoryor number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored.

Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” can representone or more memories for storing data, including read only memory (ROM),random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic diskstorage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/orother machine readable mediums for storing information. The term“machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable orfixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels,and/or various other storage mediums capable of storing that contain orcarry instruction(s) and/or data.

While the principles of the disclosure have been described above inconnection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearlyunderstood that this description is made only by way of example and notas limitation on the scope of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:accessing a data structure representing a decision tree for assigning ajob, wherein the decision tree includes a sequenced set of decisionnodes and is configured to perform iterative decisions that correspondto progressive filtering of workers, and wherein, for each decision nodeof the sequenced set of decision nodes, each of one or more trajectoryextensions to the decision node triggers an intermediate or finaldecision pertaining to configuring a worker request to perform the job;initiating a trajectory of the decision tree, the trajectory beingassociated with a set of workers for potential assignment of the job;detecting that the trajectory has reached a first decision node of thesequenced set of decision nodes in the decision tree; retrieving a firstset of node-specific learned parameters generated by training a firstmachine-learning model with a first training data set, wherein the firstset of node-specific learned parameters defines how unstructured data isto be transformed into structured feature data; accessing a plurality ofworker-associated unstructured data sets, each of the plurality ofworker-associated unstructured data sets corresponding to a worker ofthe set of workers and including unstructured data; and executing one ormore first iterations of the first machine-learning model configuredwith the first set of node-specific learned parameters and using theplurality of worker-associated unstructured data sets, wherein theexecution of the one or more first iterations of the firstmachine-learning model generates a first result that includes aplurality of worker feature data sets, each of the plurality of workerfeature data sets corresponding to a worker of the set of workers andindicating an extent to which the worker-associated unstructured dataset corresponding to the worker represents each of a set of features,wherein each of the plurality of worker feature data sets is structureddata, and wherein the set of features is defined based on the first setof node-specific learned parameters; identifying, based on the pluralityof worker feature data sets, a subset of the set of workers forcontinued evaluation for the job; detecting that the trajectory hasreached a second decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes inthe decision tree; retrieving a second set of node-specific learnedparameters generated by training a second machine-learning model with asecond training data set, wherein the second set of node-specificlearned parameters defines how structured data is to be transformed;executing one or more second iterations of the second machine-learningmodel configured with the second set of node-specific learned parametersand using a subset of the plurality of worker feature data sets, whereineach of the subset of the plurality of worker feature data setscorresponds to a worker in the subset of the set of workers, and whereinexecution of the one or more second iterations of the secondmachine-learning model generates a second result that indicates, foreach worker of at least one of the subset of the set of workers, anestimated absolute or relative degree of correspondence between the joband the worker; and triggering a communication action that representsthe second result.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:identifying a plurality of key-value pairs, wherein each of theplurality of key-value pairs corresponds to a worker of the subset ofthe set of workers; wherein the execution of the one or more seconditerations of the second machine-learning model further uses theplurality of key-value pairs, and wherein the execution of the one ormore first iterations of the first machine-learning model does not usethe plurality of key-value pairs.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: learning the first set of node-specific learned parametersusing an unsupervised learning process; and learning the second set ofnode-specific learned parameters using a supervised learning process. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein each worker feature data set of theplurality of worker feature data sets includes a vector, matrix orarray, and wherein the vector, matrix or array has a predefineddimensionality.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessinga job unstructured data set that corresponds to the job; executinganother iteration of the first machine-learning model configured withthe first set of node-specific learned parameters and using the jobunstructured data set, wherein execution of the other iteration of thefirst machine-learning model generates a job feature data set thatindicates an extract to which the job unstructured data set representseach of the set of features; and generating, for each worker of the setof workers, a job-comparison metric based on the worker feature data setcorresponding to the worker and the job feature data set, wherein thesubset of the set of workers is identified based on the job-comparisonmetrics generated for the set of workers.
 6. The method of claim 1,further comprising training, with the first training data set, the firstmachine-learning model to learn the first set of node-specific learnedparameters, wherein the first training data set includes otherunstructured data, and wherein the first set of node-specific learnedparameters associate particular semantic characteristics with anexperience level, skill or job characteristic.
 7. The method of claim 1,further comprising: detecting that the trajectory has reached a thirddecision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes in the decisiontree; and executing a third iteration of a third machine-learning modelconfigured with a third set of node-specific learned parameters andusing at least one of the plurality of worker feature data sets, whereina third result of the execution of the third iteration of the thirdmachine-learning model represents one or more request configurationspredicted to result in an acceptance of a request, configured with theone or more request configurations, that a particular worker of thesubset perform the job.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein triggering thecommunication action includes transmitting, to a user device, acommunication that includes the second result.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein one or more workers from amongst the set of workers areidentified, based on the second result, for requesting participation ina query process, and wherein the method further includes: transmitting,for each worker of the one or more workers, a request to participate inthe query process to a device associated with the worker.
 10. The methodof claim 1, wherein the second result includes, for each worker of thesubset of the set of workers, a ranking of the worker or a score for theworker.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting thatthe trajectory has reached a second decision node of the sequenced setof decision nodes in the decision tree; identifying a particular workerto which a request to perform the job is to be provided; and triggeringanother communication that identifies the particular worker or that istransmitted to the particular worker.
 12. A computer-program producttangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium,including instructions configured to cause one or more data processorsto perform actions including: accessing a data structure representing adecision tree for assigning a job, wherein the decision tree includes asequenced set of decision nodes and is configured to perform iterativedecisions that correspond to progressive filtering of workers, andwherein, for each decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes,each of one or more trajectory extensions to the decision node triggersan intermediate or final decision pertaining to configuring a workerrequest to perform the job; initiating a trajectory of the decisiontree, the trajectory being associated with a set of workers forpotential assignment of the job; detecting that the trajectory hasreached a first decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes inthe decision tree; retrieving a first set of node-specific learnedparameters generated by training a first machine-learning model with afirst training data set, wherein the first set of node-specific learnedparameters defines how unstructured data is to be transformed intostructured feature data; accessing a plurality of worker-associatedunstructured data sets, each of the plurality of worker-associatedunstructured data sets corresponding to a worker of the set of workersand including unstructured data; and executing one or more firstiterations of the first machine-learning model configured with the firstset of node-specific learned parameters and using the plurality ofworker-associated unstructured data sets, wherein the execution of theone or more first iterations of the first machine-learning modelgenerates a first result that includes a plurality of worker featuredata sets, each of the plurality of worker feature data setscorresponding to a worker of the set of workers and indicating an extentto which the worker-associated unstructured data set corresponding tothe worker represents each of a set of features, wherein each of theplurality of worker feature data sets is structured data, and whereinthe set of features is defined based on the first set of node-specificlearned parameters; identifying, based on the plurality of workerfeature data sets, a subset of the set of workers for continuedevaluation for the job; detecting that the trajectory has reached asecond decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes in thedecision tree; retrieving a second set of node-specific learnedparameters generated by training a second machine-learning model with asecond training data set, wherein the second set of node-specificlearned parameters defines how structured data is to be transformed;executing one or more second iterations of the second machine-learningmodel configured with the second set of node-specific learned parametersand using a subset of the plurality of worker feature data sets, whereineach of the subset of the plurality of worker feature data setscorresponds to a worker in the subset of the set of workers, and whereinexecution of the one or more second iterations of the secondmachine-learning model generates a second result that indicates, foreach worker of at least one of the subset of the set of workers, anestimated absolute or relative degree of correspondence between the joband the worker; and triggering a communication action that representsthe second result.
 13. The computer-program product of claim 12, whereinthe actions further include: identifying a plurality of key-value pairs,wherein each of the plurality of key-value pairs corresponds to a workerof the subset of the set of workers; wherein the execution of the one ormore second iterations of the second machine-learning model further usesthe plurality of key-value pairs, and wherein the execution of the oneor more first iterations of the first machine-learning model does notuse the plurality of key-value pairs.
 14. The computer-program productof claim 12, wherein the actions further include: learning the first setof node-specific learned parameters using an unsupervised learningprocess; and learning the second set of node-specific learned parametersusing a supervised learning process.
 15. The computer-program product ofclaim 12, wherein each worker feature data set of the plurality ofworker feature data sets includes a vector, matrix or array, and whereinthe vector, matrix or array has a predefined dimensionality.
 16. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein the actions furtherinclude: accessing a job unstructured data set that corresponds to thejob; executing another iteration of the first machine-learning modelconfigured with the first set of node-specific learned parameters andusing the job unstructured data set, wherein execution of the otheriteration of the first machine-learning model generates a job featuredata set that indicates an extract to which the job unstructured dataset represents each of the set of features; and generating, for eachworker of the set of workers, a job-comparison metric based on theworker feature data set corresponding to the worker and the job featuredata set, wherein the subset of the set of workers is identified basedon the job-comparison metrics generated for the set of workers.
 17. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein the actions furtherinclude training, with the first training data set, the firstmachine-learning model to learn the first set of node-specific learnedparameters, wherein the first training data set includes otherunstructured data, and wherein the first set of node-specific learnedparameters associate particular semantic characteristics with anexperience level, skill or job characteristic.
 18. The computer-programproduct of claim 12, wherein the actions further include: detecting thatthe trajectory has reached a third decision node of the sequenced set ofdecision nodes in the decision tree; and executing a third iteration ofa third machine-learning model configured with a third set ofnode-specific learned parameters and using at least one of the pluralityof worker feature data sets, wherein a third result of the execution ofthe third iteration of the third machine-learning model represents oneor more request configurations predicted to result in an acceptance of arequest, configured with the one or more request configurations, that aparticular worker of the subset perform the job.
 19. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein triggering thecommunication action includes transmitting, to a user device, acommunication that includes the second result.
 20. A system comprising:one or more data processors; and a non-transitory computer readablestorage medium containing instructions which when executed on the one ormore data processors, cause the one or more data processors to performactions including: accessing a data structure representing a decisiontree for assigning a job, wherein the decision tree includes a sequencedset of decision nodes and is configured to perform iterative decisionsthat correspond to progressive filtering of workers, and wherein, foreach decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes, each of oneor more trajectory extensions to the decision node triggers anintermediate or final decision pertaining to configuring a workerrequest to perform the job; initiating a trajectory of the decisiontree, the trajectory being associated with a set of workers forpotential assignment of the job; detecting that the trajectory hasreached a first decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes inthe decision tree; retrieving a first set of node-specific learnedparameters generated by training a first machine-learning model with afirst training data set, wherein the first set of node-specific learnedparameters defines how unstructured data is to be transformed intostructured feature data; accessing a plurality of worker-associatedunstructured data sets, each of the plurality of worker-associatedunstructured data sets corresponding to a worker of the set of workersand including unstructured data; and executing one or more firstiterations of the first machine-learning model configured with the firstset of node-specific learned parameters and using the plurality ofworker-associated unstructured data sets, wherein the execution of theone or more first iterations of the first machine-learning modelgenerates a first result that includes a plurality of worker featuredata sets, each of the plurality of worker feature data setscorresponding to a worker of the set of workers and indicating an extentto which the worker-associated unstructured data set corresponding tothe worker represents each of a set of features, wherein each of theplurality of worker feature data sets is structured data, and whereinthe set of features is defined based on the first set of node-specificlearned parameters; identifying, based on the plurality of workerfeature data sets, a subset of the set of workers for continuedevaluation for the job; detecting that the trajectory has reached asecond decision node of the sequenced set of decision nodes in thedecision tree; retrieving a second set of node-specific learnedparameters generated by training a second machine-learning model with asecond training data set, wherein the second set of node-specificlearned parameters defines how structured data is to be transformed;executing one or more second iterations of the second machine-learningmodel configured with the second set of node-specific learned parametersand using a subset of the plurality of worker feature data sets, whereineach of the subset of the plurality of worker feature data setscorresponds to a worker in the subset of the set of workers, and whereinexecution of the one or more second iterations of the secondmachine-learning model generates a second result that indicates, foreach worker of at least one of the subset of the set of workers, anestimated absolute or relative degree of correspondence between the joband the worker; and triggering a communication action that representsthe second result.